一、列表操作函数
1.在列表末尾添加元素
motorcycles = ['honda', 'yamaha', 'suzuki']
motorcycles.append('ducati')
2.在列表中插入元素
motorcycles.insert(0, 'ducati') #0代表插入数组的位置
3.从列表删除元素
del motorcycles[0] #0同上
4.从列表中弹出元素
(1) 弹出列表最后一个元素
popped_motorcycle = motorcycles.pop()
(2) 弹出任意位置的元素
popped_motorcycle = motorcycles.pop(0)
5.根据值删除元素
motorcycles.remove('ducati')
6.对元素进行排序
(1) 按照首字母排序
motorcycles.sort() #列表被永久改变
a=sorted(motorcycles) #列表被临时改变
(2) 反转元素顺序
motorcycles.reverse()
7.确定列表长度
len(motorcycles)
二、列表操作常用语句
1.遍历列表
magicians = ['alice', 'david', 'carolina']
for magician in magicians:
print(magician)
2.创建数值列表
(1) 等差数列组成数值列表
even_numbers = list(range(2,11,2)) #从2-11步长为2的等差序列
(2) 其他函数组成的数值型列表
f = []
for value in range(1,11)
f.append(value**2) #构建平方型数组
(3) 列表解析法一步到位
squares = [value**2 for value in range(1,11)]
3.数值列表统计计算
min(squares)
max(squares)
sum(squares)
4.使用列表的一部分
players = ['charles', 'martina', 'michael', 'florence', 'eli']
print(players[0:3]) #打印列表序号为0、1、2的元素
print(player[1:4]) #打印列表序号为1、2、3的元素
print(player[:4]) #打印列表序号为0、1、2、3的元素
print(player[2:]) #从列表序号为2的元素开始打印至末尾
print(player[-3:]) #从列表序号为-3的元素打印至末尾
#遍历切片
for player in players[:3]:
print(player)
#复制列表
football_player = players[:]
5.不可变列表———元组
dimensions = (200,50) #定义元组
for dimension in dimensions
print(dimension) #遍历元组
三、if语句+相关条件表达
1.if用法+条件表达
arr = [value for value in range(1,11)]
if a==b: #检测是否相等
elif a!=b: #检测是否不相等
elif a in arr: #检测a是否在arr中
elif a not in arr: #检测a是否不在arr中
elif (a==0) and (b==0): #与条件检测
elif (a==0) or (b==0): #或条件检测
else arr: #确定列表不是空的
四、字典
1.定义字典
alien_0 = {
'color': 'green',
'points': 5,
} #键-值对
print(alien_0['color']) #根据键打印相关值
2.添加键-对值
alien_0['x_position'] = 0 #添加新键x_position
alien_0['y_position'] = 25 #添加新键y_position
3.修改/删除键-对值
aline_0['color'] = yellow #修改颜色为yellow
del alien_0['point'] #删除point键
4.遍历字典
for key,value in alien_0.items(): #用key和value存储遍历出的键、值
for key in alien_0.keys(): #遍历键
for key in sorted(alien_0.keys): #按照顺序遍历键
for key in alien_0: #同遍历键
for value in alien_0.values(): #遍历值
5.字典嵌套
(1) 字典嵌套在列表中
aliens = []
for alien_number in range(30):
new_alien = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5, 'speed': 'slow'}
aliens.append(new_alien)
(2) 列表嵌套在字典中
favorite_languages = {
'jen': ['python', 'ruby'],
'sarah': ['c'],
'edward': ['ruby', 'go'],
}
for name,languages in favorite_languages.items():
print("\n" + name.title() + "'s favorite languages are:"
for language in languages
print("\t"+language.title())
(3) 字典嵌套在字典中
users = {
'aeinstein': {
'first': 'albert',
'last': 'einstein',
'location': 'princeton',
},
'mcurie': {
'first': 'marie',
'last': 'curie',
'location': 'paris',
},
}
for username, user_info in users.items():
print("\nUsername: " + username)
full_name = user_info['first'] + " " + user_info['last']
location = user_info['location']
print("\tFull name: " + full_name.title())
print("\tLocation: " + location.title())
###五、用户输入+while循环
1.input函数
name = input("Please enter your name: ") #单个字符输入
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
month,day = input("请输入日期，用'5.12'的形式\n").split('.')) #多个字符，输入用句点分割
month,day = map(int,input("请输入日期，用'5.12'的形式\n").split('.')) #多个整数输入，用句点分割
2.while循环
current_number = 1
while current_number <= 5:
print(current_number)
current_number += 1
3.在while循环中使用break
prompt = "\nPlease enter the name of a city you have visited:"
prompt += "\n(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) "
while True:
city = input(prompt)
if city == 'quit':
break
else:
print("I'd love to go to " + city.title() + "!")
4.用while进行列表操作
pets = ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
print(pets)
while 'cat' in pets:
pets.remove('cat')
print(pets)
六、函数
1.函数格式
def greet_user(username):
"""显示简单的问候语"""
print("Hello, " + username.title() + "!")
greet_user('jesse')
2.传递实参
(1) 位置实参
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
(2) 关键字实参
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry')
(3)默认值
def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog'): #注意形参指定默认值'='两边不要有空格
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
describe_pet(pet_name='willie')
3.返回值
(1) 返回简单值
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
"""返回整洁的姓名"""
full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
return full_name.title()
(2) 返回字典
def build_person(first_name, last_name):
"""返回一个字典， 其中包含有关一个人的信息"""
person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
return person
musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)
4.传递列表
(1) 传递格式,此时列表可在函数中更改
def greet_users(names):
"""向列表中的每位用户都发出简单的问候"""
for name in names:
msg = "Hello, " + name.title() + "!"
print(msg)
usernames = ['hannah', 'ty', 'margot']
greet_users(usernames)
(2) 传递列表副本
function_name(list_name[:])
5.传递位置实参+任意数量的实参
def make_pizza(size, *toppings): #剩下的参数都存在toppings元组中
"""概述要制作的比萨"""
print("\nMaking a " + str(size) +
"-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
for topping in toppings:
print("- " + topping)
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
6.传递任意数量的关键字实参
def build_profile(first, last, **user_info): #键值对模式
"""创建一个字典， 其中包含我们知道的有关用户的一切"""
profile = {}
profile['first_name'] = first
profile['last_name'] = last
for key, value in user_info.items():
profile[key] = value
return profile
user_profile = build_profile('albert', 'einstein',
location='princeton',
field='physics')
print(user_profile)
7.将函数存储在模块中
(1) 导入整个模块
#pizza.py
def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
for topping in toppings:
print("-" + topping)
#makeing_pizaas.py
import pizza
pizaa.make_pizza(16,'pepperoni') #调用函数方式module_name.function_name()
(2) 导入特定的函数
from pizaa import make_pizza
make_pizza(16,'pepperoni') #调用函数无需句点
(3) 使用as给函数指定别名
from pizza import make_pizza as mp
mp(16,'pepperoni') #直接利用函数别名
(4) 使用as给模块别名
import pizza as p
p.make_pizza(16,'pepperoni') #利用模块别名
(5) 导入模块中的所有函数
from pizza import *
make_pizza(16,'pepperoni')
七、类
1.创建类
class Dog():
"""一次模拟小狗的简单尝试"""
def __init__(self, name, age): #初始化类的函数
"""初始化属性name和age"""
self.name = name
self.age = age
def sit(self):
"""模拟小狗被命令时蹲下"""
print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
def roll_over(self):
"""模拟小狗被命令时打滚"""
print(self.name.title() + " rolled over!")
2.创建实例
my_dog = Dog('willie', 6)
your_dog = Dog('lucy', 3)
my_dog.name #访问属性
my_dog.sit() #调用方法
3.修改实例属性
class Car():
"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
def __init__(self, make, model, year):
"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odometer(self):
"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
print("This car has " + str(self.odometer) + " miles on it.")
def update_odometer(self, mileage):
"""将里程表读数设置为指定的值"""
self.odometer = mileage
def increment_odometer(self, miles):
"""将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
self.odometer += miles
my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016) #创建实例
my_new_car.odometer = 23 #直接修改属性
my_new_car.read_odometer(23) #调用函数修改
my_new_car.increment_odometer(100) #调用函数修改
4.继承
class ElectricCar(Car):
""" 电动汽车的独特之处 """
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
"""初始化父类的属性"""
super().__init__(make,modle,year) #调用super函数将父类和子类结合
self.battery_size = 70 #子类独有属性
def describe_battery(self):
print(str(self.battery_size) #子类独有函数
#继承了父类的一切
my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla','model's',2016)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
5.重写父类的方法
#假设父类中存在fill_gas_tank()
def ElectricCar(Car):
--snip--
def fill_gas_tank(): #重写成功
"""电动汽车没有油箱"""
print("This car doesn't need a gas tank!")
6.将实例用作属性
class Car():
--snip--
class Battery():
"""一次模拟电动汽车电瓶的简单尝试"""
def __init__(self, battery_size=70):
"""初始化电瓶的属性"""
self.battery_size = battery_size
def describe_battery(self):
"""打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息"""
print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")
class ElectricCar(Car):
"""电动汽车的独特之处"""
def __init__(self, make, model, year):
"""
初始化父类的属性， 再初始化电动汽车特有的属性
"""
super().__init__(make, model, year)
self.battery = Battery()
my_tesla = Electrical('tesla','model_s',2016)
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery() #调用类中类
7.导入类
import car #导入整个模块 car.Car
from car import * #导入所有类
from car import Car,ElectricCar #导入指定类
八、文件与异常
1.读取整个文件
(1) 多种读取方式
with open ('<file-name>') as file_object: #在当前执行文件所在目录查找文件
contents = file_object.read() #读取的内容以字符变量存储再contents中
print(contents)
with open('<subfolder/<file-name>') as file_object: #在当前文件目录的子文件夹查找文件
with open ('<file_path>') as file_object: #到指定路径查找文件
for line in file_object: #逐行读取文件内容
print(line)
print(line.rstrip()): #删除多余的空白行
lines = file_object.readlines() #将各行存储在"列表"中
(2)使用文件内容
filename = '<file-name>'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines = file_object.readlines() #列表
pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string += line.rstrip()
2.写入空文件
filename = '<file-name>'
with open(filename,'w') as file_object: #以写入模式('w')打开文件，如果写入的文件不存在，函数open()将自动创建，如果写入的文件存在，则清空该文件并返回。
file_object.write("I love programming.\n")
file_object.write("I love creating games.\n")
with open(fileoname,'a') as file_object: #将写入的内容附加到文件末尾
file_object.write("I love creating apps.\n")
4.异常
(1)处理ZeroDivisionError异常
try: #try-except代码块，避免出现tracback
answer = print(5/0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by zero!")
else:
print(answer)
(2)处理FileNotFoundError异常
filename = 'alice.txt'
try:
with open(filename) as f_obj:
contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist."
print(msg)
5.分割文本
filename = 'alice.txt'
try:
with open(filename) as f_obj:
contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist."
print(msg)
#pass 失败时一声不吭
else:
# 计算文件大致包含多少个单词
words = contents.split() #words为列表
num_words = len(words)
print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) + " words.")
6.存储数据
(1) 将列表数据写入json文件中保存
import json
numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
json.dump(numbers, f_obj) #dump(list,file_obj)
(2) 从json文件中导入数据
import json
filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename) as f_obj:
numbers = json.load(f_obj)
print(numbers)
九、测试代码
1.单元测试
#测试代码 name_function.py
def get_formatted_name(first,last):
full_name = first + " " + last
return full_name.title()
#测试方法 tese_name_function.py
import unittest
from name_function import get_formatted_name
class NamesTestCase(unittest.TestCase): #继承unittest中TestCase类
def test_first_last_name(self):
formatted_name = get_formatted_name('janis','joplin')
self.assertEqual(formatted_name,'Janis Joplin') #判断是否一致并给出断言
def test_first_last_middle_name(self):
formatted_name = get_formatted_name('wolfgang', 'mozart', 'amadeus')
self.assertEqual(formatted_name, 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart')
unittest.main()
2.测试类(所有test带头的都会被执行)
(1)断言类型整理
assertEqual(a,b) #判断是否相等
assertNotEqual(a,b) #判断是否不等
assertTure(x) #判断是否为Ture
assertFalse(x) #判断是否为False
assertIn(item,list) #判断item是否在list中
assertNotIn(item,list) #判断item是否不在list中
(2)实例测试类
#survey.py
class AnonymousSurvey():
"""收集匿名调查问卷的答案"""
def __init__(self, question):
"""存储一个问题， 并为存储答案做准备"""
self.question = question
self.responses = []
def show_question(self):
"""显示调查问卷"""
print(question)
def store_response(self, new_response):
"""存储单份调查答卷"""
self.responses.append(new_response)
def show_results(self):
"""显示收集到的所有答卷"""
print("Survey results:")
for response in responses:
print('- ' + response)
#test_survey.py
import unittest
from survey import AnonymousSurvey
class TestAnonmyousSurvey(unittest.TestCase):
"""针对AnonymousSurvey类的测试"""
def test_store_single_response(self):
"""测试单个答案会被妥善地存储"""
question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"
my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)
my_survey.store_response('English')
self.assertIn('English', my_survey.responses)
def test_store_three_responses(self):
"""测试三个答案会被妥善地存储"""
question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"
my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)
responses = ['English', 'Spanish', 'Mandarin']
for response in responses:
my_survey.store_response(response)
for response in responses:
self.assertIn(response, my_survey.responses)
unittest.main()
(3)setUp()方法测试类
import unittest
from survey import AnonymousSurvey
class TestAnonymousSurvey(unittest.TestCase):
"""针对AnonymousSurvey类的测试"""
def setUp(self):
"""
创建一个调查对象和一组答案， 供使用的测试方法使用
"""
question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"
self.my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)
self.responses = ['English', 'Spanish', 'Mandarin']
def test_store_single_response(self):
"""测试单个答案会被妥善地存储"""
self.my_survey.store_response(self.responses[0])
self.assertIn(self.responses[0], self.my_survey.responses)
def test_store_three_responses(self):
"""测试三个答案会被妥善地存储"""
for response in self.responses:
self.my_survey.store_response(response)
for response in self.responses:
self.assertIn(response, self.my_survey.responses)
unittest.main()
十、其他
(1)if __name__ == '__main__':
print('this is one') #被import和直接执行都会调用
if __name__ == '__main__' #__name__为python内置变量，当直接执行时条件成立
print('this is two') #被import时不会都被调用
(2)修改pip源
pip config set global.index-url https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/pypi/web/simple
