CentOS7.7 安装Python3.8.0

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如果不想看过程，就直接跳到最后的总结

测试可用，但可能还会有疏漏，切勿直接在生产环境中使用，CentOS8直接就是用Python3+版本了

测试过程

  • 基于CentOS 7.7 1908 minimal #好像是19年9月中旬发布的版本
[root@wuxianfeng opt]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS Linux release 7.7.1908 (Core)
  • 【步骤1】此处以安装Python3.8.0为例，我们直接去淘宝的开源镜像站下载对应的版本
[root@wuxianfeng ~]# cd /opt    #先切换到/opt目录下
[root@wuxianfeng opt]# 
[root@wuxianfeng opt]# wget https://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/python/3.8.0/Python-3.8.0.tar.xz
下载过程略
  • 【步骤2】在/opt目录下解压
[root@wuxianfeng opt]# tar -xvf Python-3.8.0.tar.xz
解压过程略

[root@wuxianfeng opt]# ll  #
total 17416
drwxr-xr-x. 17 1000 1000     4096 Oct 14  2019 Python-3.8.0
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root 17829824 Oct 18  2019 Python-3.8.0.tar.xz
  • 进入Python-3.8.0，执行configure，配置目录为/usr/local/python38
[root@wuxianfeng Python-3.8.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python38
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking for python3.8... no
checking for python3... no
checking for python... python
checking for --enable-universalsdk... no
checking for --with-universal-archs... no
checking MACHDEP... "linux"
checking for gcc... no
checking for cc... no
checking for cl.exe... no
configure: error: in `/opt/Python-3.8.0':
configure: error: no acceptable C compiler found in $PATH
See `config.log' for more details

此处遇到了第一个错误：no acceptable C compiler

原因是：缺少C编译器，我们可以安装gcc

  • 【步骤3】安装gcc
[root@wuxianfeng Python-3.8.0]# yum -y install gcc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Determining fastest mirrors
 * base: mirrors.cn99.com
 * extras: mirrors.163.com
 * updates: mirrors.163.com
 ...此处省略好多字
 Installed:
  gcc.x86_64 0:4.8.5-39.el7                                                                    

Dependency Installed:
  cpp.x86_64 0:4.8.5-39.el7                     glibc-devel.x86_64 0:2.17-307.el7.1            
  glibc-headers.x86_64 0:2.17-307.el7.1         kernel-headers.x86_64 0:3.10.0-1127.el7        
  libmpc.x86_64 0:1.0.1-3.el7                   mpfr.x86_64 0:3.1.1-4.el7                      

Dependency Updated:
  glibc.x86_64 0:2.17-307.el7.1              glibc-common.x86_64 0:2.17-307.el7.1             

Complete!   #看到这里就结束了
  • 【步骤4】再次执行configure，配置目录为/usr/local/python38
[root@wuxianfeng Python-3.8.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python38
checking for sys/uio.h... yes
checking sys/un.h usability... yes
checking sys/un.h presence... yes
...此处省略好多字
config.status: creating pyconfig.h
creating Modules/Setup.local
creating Makefile


If you want a release build with all stable optimizations active (PGO, etc),
please run ./configure --enable-optimizations
  • 编译并安装
[root@wuxianfeng Python-3.8.0]# make  && make install
gcc -pthread -c -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall    -std=c99 -Wextra -Wno-unused-result -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-missing-field-initializers -Werror=implicit-function-declaration  -I./Include/internal  -I. -I./Include    -DPy_BUILD_CORE -o Programs/python.o ./Programs/python.c
gcc -pthread -c -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall    -std=c99 -Wextra -Wno-unused-result -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-missing-field-initializers -Werror=implicit-function-declaration  -I./In
...此处省略很多字
zipimport.ZipImportError: can't decompress data; zlib not available

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/opt/Python-3.8.0/Lib/runpy.py", line 192, in _run_module_as_main
    return _run_code(code, main_globals, None,
  File "/opt/Python-3.8.0/Lib/runpy.py", line 85, in _run_code
    exec(code, run_globals)
  File "/opt/Python-3.8.0/Lib/ensurepip/__main__.py", line 5, in <module>
    sys.exit(ensurepip._main())
  File "/opt/Python-3.8.0/Lib/ensurepip/__init__.py", line 200, in _main
    return _bootstrap(
  File "/opt/Python-3.8.0/Lib/ensurepip/__init__.py", line 119, in _bootstrap
    return _run_pip(args + [p[0] for p in _PROJECTS], additional_paths)
  File "/opt/Python-3.8.0/Lib/ensurepip/__init__.py", line 27, in _run_pip
    import pip._internal
  File "<frozen zipimport>", line 241, in load_module
  File "<frozen zipimport>", line 709, in _get_module_code
  File "<frozen zipimport>", line 570, in _get_data
zipimport.ZipImportError: can't decompress data; zlib not available
make: *** [install] Error 1

此处我们遇到了第二个错误，缺少zlib

  • 【步骤5】安装所有zlib相关的包
yum install zlib-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel readline-devel sqlite sqlite-devel openssl-devel xz xz-devel libffi-devel  #这个是网络上的方法，没有验证。
或者
yum -y install zlib*   #这个是根据错误信息执行的
  • 【步骤6】再次编译安装，这次把错误信息保留，正确的就忽略了。但仍然有一些异常，看info应该无妨。
[root@wuxianfeng Python-3.8.0]# make && make install >/dev/null
 CC='gcc -pthread' LDSHARED='gcc -pthread -shared    ' OPT='-DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall'    _TCLTK_INCLUDES='' _TCLTK_LIBS=''        ./python -E ./setup.py  build
running build
running build_ext
INFO: Can't locate Tcl/Tk libs and/or headers

Python build finished successfully!
The necessary bits to build these optional modules were not found:
_dbm                  _gdbm                 _hashlib           
_ssl                  _tkinter              _uuid              
To find the necessary bits, look in setup.py in detect_modules() for the module's name.


The following modules found by detect_modules() in setup.py, have been
built by the Makefile instead, as configured by the Setup files:
_abc                  atexit                pwd                
time                                                           


Could not build the ssl module!
Python requires an OpenSSL 1.0.2 or 1.1 compatible libssl with X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set1_host().
LibreSSL 2.6.4 and earlier do not provide the necessary APIs, https://github.com/libressl-portable/portable/issues/381

running build_scripts
copying and adjusting /opt/Python-3.8.0/Tools/scripts/pydoc3 -> build/scripts-3.8
copying and adjusting /opt/Python-3.8.0/Tools/scripts/idle3 -> build/scripts-3.8
copying and adjusting /opt/Python-3.8.0/Tools/scripts/2to3 -> build/scripts-3.8
changing mode of build/scripts-3.8/pydoc3 from 644 to 755
changing mode of build/scripts-3.8/idle3 from 644 to 755
changing mode of build/scripts-3.8/2to3 from 644 to 755
renaming build/scripts-3.8/pydoc3 to build/scripts-3.8/pydoc3.8
renaming build/scripts-3.8/idle3 to build/scripts-3.8/idle3.8
renaming build/scripts-3.8/2to3 to build/scripts-3.8/2to3-3.8
/tmp/tmpdimz5_72/pip-19.2.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl/pip/_vendor/ipaddress.py:1106: SyntaxWarning: 'str' object is not callable; perhaps you missed a comma?
/tmp/tmpdimz5_72/pip-19.2.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl/pip/_vendor/ipaddress.py:1106: SyntaxWarning: 'str' object is not callable; perhaps you missed a comma?
  • 【步骤7】验证安装
[root@wuxianfeng bin]# whereis python
python: /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python2.7 /usr/lib/python2.7 /usr/lib64/python2.7 /etc/python /usr/include/python2.7 /usr/share/man/man1/python.1.gz
[root@wuxianfeng bin]# ll /usr/bin/python
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Apr 12 12:35 /usr/bin/python -> python2
[root@wuxianfeng bin]# python
Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug  7 2019, 00:51:29) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-39)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit()

从上述结果可以看出来，centos默认安装的是2.7.5，我们虽然安装了python3.8但系统中仍然是老版本。（此时可能会有人说，是不是要先卸载，不是的，因为yum依赖于python，所以卸载的话，依赖于python的程序可能都会有麻烦，所以我们是不建议卸载后再装新的的，类似于venv的意思，可以多环境共存。

我们现在要做的是把命令改到这个新版本即可

  • 【步骤8】修改python的链接，并验证
[root@wuxianfeng bin]# cd /usr/bin
[root@wuxianfeng bin]# 
[root@wuxianfeng bin]# ln -s  /usr/local/python38/bin/python3.8 python
[root@wuxianfeng bin]# python
Python 3.8.0 (default, May  3 2020, 21:47:27) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-39)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit()

至此python的安装是结束了

但是yum其实是用到了python，如果这样结束，yum其实是不能用了。

[root@wuxianfeng python3.8]# yum install dos2unix
  File "/usr/bin/yum", line 30
    except KeyboardInterrupt, e:
                            ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

原来yum调用了python2.7，这也是我们不建议删除python2.7的缘故

  • 【步骤9】修复yum程序
  1. 修改/usr/bin/yum的第一行，以及/usr/libexec/urlgrabber-ext-down的第一行
原来是
#!/usr/bin/python
改为
#!/usr/bin/python2.7

至此，yum的环境也恢复好了。

总结

1. 下载python安装源码

wget npm.taobao.org/mirrors/pyt…

2. 在某个目录下解压

cd /opt/

tar -xvf Python-3.8.0.tar.xz

3. 安装gcc

yum -y install gcc

4. 配置目录为/usr/local/python38

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python38

5. 安装zlib相关包

yum -y install zlib*

网上也有说法是执行下面的命令，但未从考证

yum install zlib-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel readline-devel sqlite sqlite-devel openssl-devel xz xz-devel libffi-devel

6. 编译并安装

make && make install

7. 创建python的可执行程序链接

rm -f /usr/bin/python #删除老的python2.7的符号链接

ln -s /usr/local/python38/bin/python3.8 /usr/bin/python

8. 修复yum程序

修改/usr/bin/yum的第一行，以及/usr/libexec/urlgrabber-ext-down的第一行

原来是
#!/usr/bin/python
改为
#!/usr/bin/python2.7

说在最后

  • 还是要注意，仅仅是测试，可以进行python3.8的安装，但实际生产环境中可能会有很多关联，不建议直接在生产环境中使用。
  • 比如还有至少这些是可能用到python2.7的
[root@wuxianfeng bin]# grep -ni '/usr/bin/python' *
firewall-cmd:1:#!/usr/bin/python2 -Es   #无妨
firewall-offline-cmd:1:#!/usr/bin/python2 -Es   #无妨
msghack:1:#!/usr/bin/python   #可能有问题，也要修复
pchrt:1:#! /usr/bin/python   #可能有问题，也要修复
pflags:1:#! /usr/bin/python   #可能有问题，也要修复
ptaskset:1:#! /usr/bin/python   #可能有问题，也要修复
pydoc:1:#!/usr/bin/python2.7  #无妨
systemd-sysv-convert:1:#!/usr/bin/python  #可能有问题，也要修复
urlgrabber:1:#!/usr/bin/python -t   #可能有问题，也要修复
yum:1:#!/usr/bin/python2.7   #已修改
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