首先呢我们先来了解一下js的运行机制.
js运行机制
js执行是单线程的,它是基于事件循环的。事件循环大致分以下几个步骤: 1.所有同步任何都在主线程上执行,形成一个执行栈(execution context stack)。 2.主线程之外,还存在一个“任务队列”(task queue).只要异步任务有了运行结果,就在“任务队列”之中放置一个事件。 3.一旦“执行栈”中的所有同步任务执行完毕,系统就会读取“任务队列”,看看里面有哪些事件。那么对应的异步任务,于是结束等待状态,进入执行栈,开始执行。 4.主线程不断重复上面的(3).
Vue中的nextTick在2.5+后有一个单独的文件。在src/core/util/next-tick.js,
import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIOS, isNative } from './env'
const callbacks = []
let pending = false
function flushCallbacks () {
pending = false
const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
callbacks.length = 0
for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
copies[i]()
}
}
// Here we have async deferring wrappers using both microtasks and (macro) tasks.
// In < 2.4 we used microtasks everywhere, but there are some scenarios where
// microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690) or even between bubbling of the same
// event (#6566). However, using (macro) tasks everywhere also has subtle problems
// when state is changed right before repaint (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Here we use microtask by default, but expose a way to force (macro) task when
// needed (e.g. in event handlers attached by v-on).
let microTimerFunc
let macroTimerFunc
let useMacroTask = false
// Determine (macro) task defer implementation.
// Technically setImmediate should be the ideal choice, but it's only available
// in IE. The only polyfill that consistently queues the callback after all DOM
// events triggered in the same loop is by using MessageChannel.
/* istanbul ignore if */
if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
macroTimerFunc = () => {
setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
}
} else if (typeof MessageChannel !== 'undefined' && (
isNative(MessageChannel) ||
// PhantomJS
MessageChannel.toString() === '[object MessageChannelConstructor]'
)) {
const channel = new MessageChannel()
const port = channel.port2
channel.port1.onmessage = flushCallbacks
macroTimerFunc = () => {
port.postMessage(1)
}
} else {
/* istanbul ignore next */
macroTimerFunc = () => {
setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
}
}
// Determine microtask defer implementation.
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
const p = Promise.resolve()
microTimerFunc = () => {
p.then(flushCallbacks)
// in problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
// it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
// microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
// needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
// "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
}
} else {
// fallback to macro
microTimerFunc = macroTimerFunc
}
/**
* Wrap a function so that if any code inside triggers state change,
* the changes are queued using a (macro) task instead of a microtask.
*/
export function withMacroTask (fn: Function): Function {
return fn._withTask || (fn._withTask = function () {
useMacroTask = true
const res = fn.apply(null, arguments)
useMacroTask = false
return res
})
}
export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
let _resolve
callbacks.push(() => {
if (cb) {
try {
cb.call(ctx)
} catch (e) {
handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
}
} else if (_resolve) {
_resolve(ctx)
}
})
if (!pending) {
pending = true
if (useMacroTask) {
macroTimerFunc()
} else {
microTimerFunc()
}
}
// $flow-disable-line
if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
return new Promise(resolve => {
_resolve = resolve
})
}
}
首先定义了一个callbacks,然后设置了一个状态pending,然后定义了microTimerFunc和macroTimerFunc,这两个根据浏览器的支持程度,然后做不同的处理。我们来看下macroTimerFunc,先判断当前运行环境支不支持setImmediate并且是浏览器原生支持的,那么macroTimerFunc内部实现呢就去调用setImmediate,否则就执行new MessageChannel实例,拿到port2,去调用port.postMessage,然后就会执行flushCallbacks,否则的话,macroTimerFunc就会降级为setTimeout(flushCallbacks,0)的方式。 然后看一下microtask方式的实现,如果原生浏览器支持promise,通过promise.then(flushCallbacks).如果不支持就直接降级为macrotask的实现。
next-tick.js对外暴露了2个函数,先来看nextTick,把传入的回调函数cb压入callbacks数组,最后一次性地根据useMacroTask条件执行macroTimerFunc或者是microTimerFunc,而它们都会在下一个tick执行flushCallbacks,flushCallbacks的逻辑也比较简单,对callbacks遍历,然后执行相应的回调函数。 这里使用callbacks而不是直接在nextTick中执行回调函数的原因是保证在同一个tick内多次执行nextTick,不会开启多个异步任务,而把这些异步任务都压成一个同步任务,在下一个tick执行完毕。
nextTick函数最后是当nextTick不传cb参数的时候,提供一个Promise化的调用,比如:nextTick().then(()=>{}) 当_resolve函数执行,就会跳到then的逻辑中。 next-tick.js还对外暴露了withMacroTask函数,它是对函数做一层包装,确保函数执行过程中对数据任意的修改,触发变化执行nextTick的时候强制走macroTimerFunc。比如对于一些DOM交互事件,如v-on绑定的事件回调函数的处理,会强制走macrotask。
我们了解到数据的变化到DOM的重新渲染是一个异步过程,发生在下一个tick.这就是我们在平时的开发过程中,比如从服务端接口去获取数据的时候,数据做了修改,而我们的某些方法又依赖数据修改后的DOM变化,所以我们就必须在nextTick后执行。 vue提供了2种调用nextTick的方式,一种是全局API vue.nextTick,一种是实例上的方法vm.$nextTick,无论我们使用哪一种,最后都是调用next-tick.js中实现的nextTick方法。