python实现单例模式

大石头的笔记

2020-02-18 171 阅读2分钟

首先，要知道什么是python的单例模式，所谓单例模式就是一个类只能创建一个实例化。

然后，就是python单例模式的方法，总共可以分为两大种，四小种，一会就会说的。

首先，方法一：

class Singleton(type):
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
super(Singleton, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
cls.instance = None
def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):
if cls.instance is None:
cls.instance = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)
return cls.instance
class MyClass(object):
__metaclass__ = Singleton
print MyClass()
print MyClass()

方法二：使用装饰器（

decorator

）

def singleton(cls, *args, **kw):
instances = {}
def _singleton():
if cls not in instances:
instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kw)
return instances[cls]
return _singleton
@singleton
class MyClass(object):
a = 1
def __init__(self, x=0):
self.x = x
one = MyClass()
two = MyClass()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#29660784
print id(two)
#29660784
print one == two
#True
print one is two
#True
one.x = 1
print one.x
#1
print two.x

方法三：使用__metaclass__元类来实现

class Singleton2(type):
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
super(Singleton2, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
cls._instance = None
def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):
if cls._instance is None:
cls._instance = super(Singleton2, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)
return cls._instance
class MyClass(object):
__metaclass__ = Singleton2
one = MyClass()
two = MyClass()
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#31495472
print id(two)
#31495472
print one == two
#True
print one is two
#True

方法四：通过共享属性来实现，所谓共享属性，最简单直观的方法就是通过__dict__属性指向同一个字典dict

class Borg(object):
_state = {}
def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
ob = super(Borg, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
ob.__dict__ = cls._state
return ob
class MyClass(Borg):
a = 1
one = MyClass()
two = MyClass()
#one和two是两个不同的对象,id, ==, is对比结果可看出
two.a = 3
print one.a
#3
print id(one)
#28873680
print id(two)
#28873712
print one == two
#False
print one is two
#False
#但是one和two具有相同的（同一个__dict__属性）,见:
print id(one.__dict__)
#30104000
print id(two.__dict__)

其实吧，从本质上来讲，方法一二三都属于一种单例化模式的方法，与第四种不同，所以认为python中有两种或四种方法实现单例模式都可以。

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