最近忙着复习找工作，在看书和刷题过程中，老是被各种有关宽松相等的题卡住。也为此查阅很多博客、书籍，甚至看了一些网上视频，也还是很迷惑。因此，花了一些时间，查阅了ES标准，瞬间有种醍醐灌顶的感觉。
The Abstract Equality Comparison Algorithm(ES标准)
The comparison x == y, where x and y are values, produces true or false. Such a comparison is performed as follows:
1. If Type(x) is different from Type(y), go to step 14.
2.If Type(x) is Undefined, return true.
3.If Type(x) is Null, return true.
4.If Type(x) is not Number, go to step 11.
5.If x is NaN, return false.
6.If y is NaN, return false.
7.If x is the same number value as y, return true.
8.If x is +0 and y is -0, return true.
9. If x is -0 and y is +0, return true.
10. Return false.
11.If Type(x) is String, then return true if x and y are exactly the same sequence of characters (same length and same characters in corresponding positions). Otherwise, return false.
12. If Type(x) is Boolean, return true if x and y are both true or both false. Otherwise, return false.
13.Return true if x and y refer to the same object or if they refer to objects joined to each other (see 13.1.2). Otherwise, return false.
14. If x is null and y is undefined, return true.
15. If x is undefined and y is null, return true.
16.If Type(x) is Number and Type(y) is String, return the result of the comparison x == ToNumber(y).
17.If Type(x) is String and Type(y) is Number, return the result of the comparison ToNumber(x)== y.
18. If Type(x) is Boolean, return the result of the comparison ToNumber(x)== y.
19. If Type(y) is Boolean, return the result of the comparison x == ToNumber(y).
20.If Type(x) is either String or Number and Type(y) is Object, return the result of the comparison x == ToPrimitive(y).
21.If Type(x) is Object and Type(y) is either String or Number, return the result of the comparison ToPrimitive(x)== y.
22. Return false.
乍看上面的算法又长又难记，我们可以稍微做点简化（参考工具：JavaScript "loose" comparison step by step），简化如下：
1. If Type(x) is the same as Type(y), then
1.a. Return the result of performing Strict Equality Comparison x === y.
2. If x is null and y is undefined, return true
3. If x is undefined and y is null, return true
4. If Type(x) is Number and Type(y) is String, return the result of the comparison x == ToNumber(y).
5. If Type(x) is String and Type(y) is Number, return the result of the comparison ToNumber(x) == y.
6. If Type(x) is Boolean, return the result of the comparison ToNumber(x) == y.
7. If Type(y) is Boolean, return the result of the comparison x == ToNumber(y).
8. If Type(x) is either String, Number, or Symbol and Type(y) is Object, return the result of the comparison x == ToPrimitive(y).
9. If Type(x) is Object and Type(y) is either String, Number, or Symbol, return the result of the comparison ToPrimitive(x) == y.
10. Return false.
由上面可以清晰的看出，当x和y类型相等或者在类型转换成相同的类型后，宽松相等（==）就可以转换成严格相等（===）的问题。最大的难点是后面的流程。
当x和y类型不同时：
- null与undefined比较，返回true
- Number与String类型比较，利用ToNumber()将String转换成Number再比较
- 如果有一者为Boolean，利用ToNumber()将Boolean转换成Number再比较
- 如果有一者为Object类型，利用ToPrimitive()抽象操作函数转换之后再比较
Type(x)和ToPrimitive(x)抽象函数
在阐述Type(x)和ToPrimitive(x)抽象操作函数之前，再介绍一下JavaScript "loose" comparison step by step。我们可以利用这个工具，清楚的看到x==y的详细过程，每一轮的判断过程以及类型转换的过程，更重要的是，我们可以点击Type(x)、ToPrimitive(x)等抽象操作函数的详细说明。
42 == "42" 的分析过程：42 == "42" ---> 42 == 42 ---> 42 === 42 ---> return true。
Type(x)
在单击Type(x)之后，跳转到ECMAScript Language Types,从而可知，Type(x)抽象函数就是得出x的类型，所有类型包括 Undefined, Null, Boolean, String, Symbol, Number, 和 Object。需要强烈注意的是：Type(null) 的类型是Null而不是Object
ToPrimitive(x)
ToPrimitive(x)就是一个重点中的难点了。参见ES规范7.1,ToPrimitive( input [ , PreferredType ])是包含两个参数的抽象的操作，一个是 input argument 参数，一个是可选参数 PreferredType，该操作就是将 input argument 转换为 no-Object type (非 object 类型的值，即js数据类型的5种普通类型)。
示例
var b = {
valueOf: function () {
return 3
},
toString: function () {
return 5
}
}
b == '3' // true
b == '5' // false
宽松相等的极端情况
[] == ![] // true
分析：!运算符会根据ToBoolean规则，进行布尔值的显式强制类型转换（同时反转奇偶校验位）。Boolean([])为true，所以![]为false，即[] == ![] ===> [] == false ===> [] == 0,最后的结果为true了。
总结
宽松相等（==）中会有大量的强制类型转换（显式和隐式），在部分情况下确实很危险。但作为一名成熟的开发人员，我们应该学会有效的运用强制类型转换。
