对于分布式系统环境,主键ID的设计很关键,什么自增intID那些是绝对不用的,比较早的时候,大部分系统都用UUID/GUID来作为主键,优点是方便又能解决问题,缺点是插入时因为UUID/GUID的不规则导致每插入一条数据就需要重新排列一次,性能低下;也有人提出用UUID/GUID转long的方式,可以很明确的告诉你,这种方式long不能保证唯一,大并发下会有重复long出现,所以也不可取,这个主键设计问题曾经是很多公司系统设计的一个头疼点,所以大部分公司愿意牺牲一部分性能而直接采用简单粗暴的UUID/GUID来作为分布式系统的主键;
twitter开源了一个snowflake算法,俗称雪花算法;就是为了解决分布式环境下生成不同ID的问题;该算法会生成19位的long型有序数字,MySQL中用bigint来存储(bigint长度为20位);该算法应该是目前分布式环境中主键ID最好的解决方案之一了;
1--snowflake雪花算法实现
好,废话不多说,直接上算法实现
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[/url] 1
package
com.anson; 2
3
import
java.lang.management.ManagementFactory; 4
import
java.net.InetAddress; 5
import
java.net.NetworkInterface; 6
7
//
雪花算法代码实现
8
public
class
IdWorker { 9
//
时间起始标记点,作为基准,一般取系统的最近时间(一旦确定不能变动)
10
private
final
static
long
twepoch = 1288834974657L; 11
//
机器标识位数
12
private
final
static
long
workerIdBits = 5L; 13
//
数据中心标识位数
14
private
final
static
long
datacenterIdBits = 5L; 15
//
机器ID最大值
16
private
final
static
long
maxWorkerId = -1L ^ (-1L << workerIdBits); 17
//
数据中心ID最大值
18
private
final
static
long
maxDatacenterId = -1L ^ (-1L << datacenterIdBits); 19
//
毫秒内自增位
20
private
final
static
long
sequenceBits = 12L; 21
//
机器ID偏左移12位
22
private
final
static
long
workerIdShift = sequenceBits; 23
//
数据中心ID左移17位
24
private
final
static
long
datacenterIdShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits; 25
//
时间毫秒左移22位
26
private
final
static
long
timestampLeftShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits + datacenterIdBits; 27
28
private
final
static
long
sequenceMask = -1L ^ (-1L << sequenceBits); 29
/*
上次生产id时间戳
*/
30
private
static
long
lastTimestamp = -1L;31
//
0,并发控制
32
private
long
sequence = 0L; 33
34
private
final
long
workerId; 35
//
数据标识id部分
36
private
final
long
datacenterId; 37
38
public
IdWorker(){ 39
this
.datacenterId = getDatacenterId(maxDatacenterId);40
this
.workerId = getMaxWorkerId(datacenterId, maxWorkerId); 41
} 42
/**
43
*
@param
workerId
44
* 工作机器ID
45
*
@param
datacenterId
46
* 序列号
47
*/
48
public
IdWorker(long
workerId, long
datacenterId) { 49
if
(workerId > maxWorkerId || workerId < 0) { 50
throw
new
IllegalArgumentException(String.format("worker Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxWorkerId)); 51
} 52
if
(datacenterId > maxDatacenterId || datacenterId < 0) { 53
throw
new
IllegalArgumentException(String.format("datacenter Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxDatacenterId)); 54
}55
this
.workerId = workerId; 56
this
.datacenterId = datacenterId; 57
} 58
/**
59
* 获取下一个ID
60
*
61
*
@return
62
*/
63
public
synchronized
long
nextId() { 64
long
timestamp = timeGen(); 65
if
(timestamp < lastTimestamp) { 66
throw
new
RuntimeException(String.format("Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate id for %d milliseconds", lastTimestamp - timestamp)); 67
} 68
69
if
(lastTimestamp == timestamp) { 70
//
当前毫秒内,则+1
71
sequence = (sequence + 1) & sequenceMask; 72
if
(sequence == 0) { 73
//
当前毫秒内计数满了,则等待下一秒
74
timestamp = tilNextMillis(lastTimestamp); 75
} 76
} else
{ 77
sequence = 0L; 78
} 79
lastTimestamp = timestamp; 80
//
ID偏移组合生成最终的ID,并返回ID
81
long
nextId = ((timestamp - twepoch) << timestampLeftShift) 82
| (datacenterId << datacenterIdShift) 83
| (workerId << workerIdShift) | sequence; 84
85
return
nextId; 86
} 87
88
private
long
tilNextMillis(final
long
lastTimestamp) { 89
long
timestamp = this
.timeGen(); 90
while
(timestamp <= lastTimestamp) { 91
timestamp = this
.timeGen(); 92
} 93
return
timestamp; 94
} 95
96
private
long
timeGen() { 97
return
System.currentTimeMillis(); 98
} 99
100
/**
101
* <p>
102
* 获取 maxWorkerId
103
* </p>
104
*/
105
protected
static
long
getMaxWorkerId(long
datacenterId, long
maxWorkerId) {106
StringBuffer mpid = new
StringBuffer();107
mpid.append(datacenterId);108
String name = ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean().getName();109
if
(!name.isEmpty()) {110
/*
111
* GET jvmPid
112
*/
113
mpid.append(name.split("@")[0]);114
}115
/*
116
* MAC + PID 的 hashcode 获取16个低位
117
*/
118
return
(mpid.toString().hashCode() & 0xffff) % (maxWorkerId + 1);119
}120
121
/**
122
* <p>
123
* 数据标识id部分
124
* </p>
125
*/
126
protected
static
long
getDatacenterId(long
maxDatacenterId) {127
long
id = 0L;128
try
{129
InetAddress ip = InetAddress.getLocalHost();130
NetworkInterface network = NetworkInterface.getByInetAddress(ip);131
if
(network == null
) {132
id = 1L;133
} else
{134
byte
[] mac = network.getHardwareAddress();135
id = ((0x000000FF & (long
) mac[mac.length - 1])136
| (0x0000FF00 & (((long
) mac[mac.length - 2]) << 8))) >> 6;137
id = id % (maxDatacenterId + 1);138
}139
} catch
(Exception e) {140
System.out.println(" getDatacenterId: " + e.getMessage());141
}142
return
id;143
}144
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3--测试
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[/url]package
com.anson;/**
* @description: TODO *
@author
: anson * @Date: 2019/10/7 22:16 *
@version
: 1.0
*/
public
class
snow{ public
static
void
main(String[] args) throws
Exception { try
{ IdWorker idw = new
IdWorker(1,1); long
ids = idw.nextId(); for
(int
i=0;i<10000;i++) { ids = idw.nextId(); System.out.println(ids); } } catch
(Exception ex) { } }}[url=]
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[/url]结果如下图:

程序生成了19位的有序数字,这个既解决了分布式ID生成唯一性问题,也解决了性能问题,建议系统ID设计都采用该算法生成。