示例

先写一个示例了解下关于 Vue中的DOM更新以及nextTick的作用。

<template>
  <div id="app">
    <div ref="msg">{{msg}}</div>
    <div>
      <button @click="change()">
        请点击
      </button>
    </div>
    <div v-if="msg1">msg1: {{msg1}}</div>
    <div v-if="msg2">msg2: {{msg2}}</div>
    <div v-if="msg3">msg3: {{msg3}}</div>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      msg: "你好吗？",
      msg1: "",
      msg2: "",
      msg3: ""
    };
  },
  methods: {
    change() {
      this.msg = "我不好！"; //改变msg的数据
      this.msg1 = this.$refs.msg.innerHTML; //拿到msg的数据给msg1
      this.$nextTick(() => {
        this.msg2 = this.$refs.msg.innerHTML; //使用$nextTick把msg的数据给msg2
      });
      this.msg3 = this.$refs.msg.innerHTML; //拿到msg的数据给msg3
    }
  }
};
</script>

运行效果：

从图中可以得知：msg1和msg3显示的内容还是变换之前的，而msg2显示的内容是变换之后的。

根本原因是因为Vue中DOM更新是异步的（下面说）。

原理

Vue 官方对nextTick这个API的描述：

在下次 DOM 更新循环结束之后执行延迟回调。在修改数据之后立即使用这个方法，获取更新后的 DOM。

因为Vue实现响应式并不是数据发生变化之后 DOM 立即变化，而是按一定的策略进行 DOM 的更新。

在 Vue 的文档中，说明Vue是异步执行 DOM 更新的。

简单来说，Vue在修改数据后，视图不会立刻更新，而是等同一事件循环中的所有数据变化完成之后，再统一进行视图更新。

用途

应用场景：需要在视图更新之后，基于新的视图进行操作。

在Vue生命周期中的created()钩子函数进行的DOM操作一定要放在Vue.nextTick()的回调函数中

因为在created()钩子函数执行的时候DOM其实并未进行任何渲染，而此时进行DOM操作无异于徒劳，所以此处一定要将DOM操作的js代码放进Vue.nextTick()的回调函数中。

与之对应的就是mounted()钩子函数，因为该钩子函数执行时所有的DOM挂载和渲染都已完成，此时在该钩子函数中进行任何DOM操作都不会有问题。
但是需要注意一点：mounted不会承诺所有的子组件也都一起被挂载。如果你希望等到整个视图都渲染完毕，可以用 vm.$nextTick 替换掉 mounted

mounted: function () {
  this.$nextTick(function () {
    // Code that will run only after the
    // entire view has been rendered
  })
}

在数据变化后要执行的某个操作，而这个操作需要使用随数据改变而改变的DOM结构的时候，这个操作都应该放进Vue.nextTick()的回调函数中。（正如上面的代码示例所演示的那样）

官方说明：

Vue 异步执行 DOM 更新。只要观察到数据变化，Vue 将开启一个队列，并缓冲在同一事件循环中发生的所有数据改变。如果同一个 watcher 被多次触发，只会被推入到队列中一次。这种在缓冲时去除重复数据对于避免不必要的计算和 DOM 操作上非常重要。然后，在下一个的事件循环“tick”中，Vue 刷新队列并执行实际 (已去重的) 工作。Vue 在内部尝试对异步队列使用原生的 Promise.then 和 MessageChannel，如果执行环境不支持，会采用 setTimeout(fn, 0) 代替。

例如，当你设置vm.someData = 'new value'，该组件不会立即重新渲染。当刷新队列时，组件会在事件循环队列清空时的下一个“tick”更新。多数情况我们不需要关心这个过程，但是如果你想在 DOM 状态更新后做点什么，这就可能会有些棘手。虽然 Vue.js 通常鼓励开发人员沿着“数据驱动”的方式思考，避免直接接触 DOM，但是有时我们确实要这么做。为了在数据变化之后等待 Vue 完成更新 DOM ，可以在数据变化之后立即使用Vue.nextTick(callback) 。这样回调函数在 DOM 更新完成后就会调用。

源码

Vue.nextTick用于延迟执行一段代码，它接受2个参数（回调函数和执行回调函数的上下文环境），如果没有提供回调函数，那么将返回promise对象。

2.5版本

/* @flow */
/* globals MessageChannel */

import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIOS, isNative } from './env'

const callbacks = []
let pending = false

function flushCallbacks () {
  pending = false
  const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
  callbacks.length = 0
  for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
    copies[i]()
  }
}

// 在2.4中使用了microtasks ，但是还是存在问题，
// 在2.5版本中组合使用macrotasks和microtasks，组合使用的方式是对外暴露withMacroTask函数
// Here we have async deferring wrappers using both microtasks and (macro) tasks.
// In < 2.4 we used microtasks everywhere, but there are some scenarios where
// microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690) or even between bubbling of the same
// event (#6566). However, using (macro) tasks everywhere also has subtle problems
// when state is changed right before repaint (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Here we use microtask by default, but expose a way to force (macro) task when
// needed (e.g. in event handlers attached by v-on).

// 2.5版本在nextTick中对于调用microtask（微任务）还是macrotask（宏任务）声明了两个不同的变量
let microTimerFunc
let macroTimerFunc

// 默认使用microtask（微任务）
let useMacroTask = false


// 这里主要定义macrotask（宏任务）函数
// macrotask（宏任务）的执行优先级
// setImmediate -> MessageChannel -> setTimeout
// setImmediate是最理想的选择
// 最Low的状况是降级执行setTimeout

// Determine (macro) task defer implementation.
// Technically setImmediate should be the ideal choice, but it's only available
// in IE. The only polyfill that consistently queues the callback after all DOM
// events triggered in the same loop is by using MessageChannel.
/* istanbul ignore if */
if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
  macroTimerFunc = () => {
    setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
  }
} else if (typeof MessageChannel !== 'undefined' && (
  isNative(MessageChannel) ||
  // PhantomJS
  MessageChannel.toString() === '[object MessageChannelConstructor]'
)) {
  const channel = new MessageChannel()
  const port = channel.port2
  channel.port1.onmessage = flushCallbacks
  macroTimerFunc = () => {
    port.postMessage(1)
  }
} else {
  /* istanbul ignore next */
  macroTimerFunc = () => {
    setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
  }
}


// 这里主要定义microtask（微任务）函数
// microtask（微任务）的执行优先级
// Promise -> macroTimerFunc
// 如果原生不支持Promise，那么执行macrotask（宏任务）函数

// Determine microtask defer implementation.
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
  const p = Promise.resolve()
  microTimerFunc = () => {
    p.then(flushCallbacks)
    // in problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
    // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
    // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
    // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
    // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
    if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
  }
} else {
  // fallback to macro
  microTimerFunc = macroTimerFunc
}


// 对外暴露withMacroTask 函数
// 触发变化执行nextTick时强制执行macrotask（宏任务）函数

/**
 * Wrap a function so that if any code inside triggers state change,
 * the changes are queued using a (macro) task instead of a microtask.
 */
export function withMacroTask (fn: Function): Function {
  return fn._withTask || (fn._withTask = function () {
    useMacroTask = true
    try {
      return fn.apply(null, arguments)
    } finally {
      useMacroTask = false    
    }
  })
}

// 这里需要注意pending
export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
  let _resolve
  callbacks.push(() => {
    if (cb) {
      try {
        cb.call(ctx)
      } catch (e) {
        handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
      }
    } else if (_resolve) {
      _resolve(ctx)
    }
  })
  if (!pending) {
    pending = true
    if (useMacroTask) {
      macroTimerFunc()
    } else {
      microTimerFunc()
    }
  }
  // $flow-disable-line
  if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      _resolve = resolve
    })
  }
}

2.6版本

/* @flow */
/* globals MutationObserver */

import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIE, isIOS, isNative } from './env'

export let isUsingMicroTask = false

const callbacks = []
let pending = false

function flushCallbacks () {
  pending = false
  const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
  callbacks.length = 0
  for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
    copies[i]()
  }
}

// 在2.5版本中组合使用microtasks 和macrotasks，但是重绘的时候还是存在一些小问题，而且使用macrotasks在任务队列中会有几个特别奇怪的行为没办法避免，So又回到了之前的状态，在任何地方优先使用microtasks 。
// Here we have async deferring wrappers using microtasks.
// In 2.5 we used (macro) tasks (in combination with microtasks).
// However, it has subtle problems when state is changed right before repaint
// (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Also, using (macro) tasks in event handler would cause some weird behaviors
// that cannot be circumvented (e.g. #7109, #7153, #7546, #7834, #8109).
// So we now use microtasks everywhere, again.
// A major drawback of this tradeoff is that there are some scenarios
// where microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690, which have workarounds)
// or even between bubbling of the same event (#6566).
let timerFunc

// The nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */


// task的执行优先级
// Promise -> MutationObserver -> setImmediate -> setTimeout

if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
  const p = Promise.resolve()
  timerFunc = () => {
    p.then(flushCallbacks)
    // In problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
    // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
    // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
    // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
    // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
    if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (!isIE && typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (
  isNative(MutationObserver) ||
  // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
  MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
)) {
  // Use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
  // e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
  // (#6466 MutationObserver is unreliable in IE11)
  let counter = 1
  const observer = new MutationObserver(flushCallbacks)
  const textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
  observer.observe(textNode, {
    characterData: true
  })
  timerFunc = () => {
    counter = (counter + 1) % 2
    textNode.data = String(counter)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
  // Fallback to setImmediate.
  // Techinically it leverages the (macro) task queue,
  // but it is still a better choice than setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
  }
} else {
  // Fallback to setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
  }
}

export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
  let _resolve
  callbacks.push(() => {
    if (cb) {
      try {
        cb.call(ctx)
      } catch (e) {
        handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
      }
    } else if (_resolve) {
      _resolve(ctx)
    }
  })
  if (!pending) {
    pending = true
    timerFunc()
  }
  // $flow-disable-line
  if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      _resolve = resolve
    })
  }
}

理解Vue中的 nextTick

示例

原理

用途

源码

2.5版本

2.6版本

O_O