【Java进阶面试系列之五】消息中间件集群崩溃，如何保证百万生产数据不丢失？【石杉的架构笔记】目前为止，你的Rabbit

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我的新课**《C2C 电商系统微服务架构120天实战训练营》在公众号儒猿技术窝**上线了，感兴趣的同学，可以点击下方链接了解详情：

**“**上一篇讲消息中间件的文章《扎心！线上服务宕机时，如何保证数据100%不丢失？》，初步给大家介绍了一个在生产环境中可能遇到的问题，就是你的消费者服务可能会宕机，一旦宕机，你就需要考虑是否会导致没处理完的消息丢失。这篇文章，再给不太熟悉MQ技术的同学，介绍另外一个生产环境中可能会遇到的问题。

目前为止，你的RabbitMQ部署在线上服务器了，对吧？然后订单服务和仓储服务都可以基于RabbitMQ来收发消息，同时仓储服务宕机，不会导致消息丢失。

好，我们来看下目前为止的架构图。

那如果此时出现一个问题，就是说订单服务投递了订单消息到RabbitMQ里去，RabbitMQ暂时放在了自己的内存中，还没来得及投递给下游的仓储服务呢，此时RabbitMQ突然宕机了，会怎么样？

答案其实很简单，默认情况下，按照我们目前的代码和配置，这个数据就会丢失了。

所以在这里而言，就牵扯到了RabbitMQ的一个较为重要的概念：消息的持久化，用英文来说就是durable机制。

然后这里又有一个引申的概念，如果按照我们之前的代码和配置，默认情况下，RabbitMQ一旦宕机就再次重启，就会丢失我们之前创建的queue。所以首先得先让queue是持久化的。

使用下面的代码，就可以把我们的“warehouse_schedule_delivery”这个queue，也就是仓储调度发货的queue，设置为持久化的。

这样，即使RabbitMQ宕机后重启，也会恢复之前创建好的这个queue。

channel.queueDeclare(
       "warehouse_schedule_delivery",
        true, 
        false,
        false,
        null);

大家看到上面那行定义和创建queue的代码么？核心在于第二个参数，第二个参数是true。

他的意思就是说，这个创建的queue是durable的，也就是支持持久化的。

RabbitMQ会把这queue的相关信息持久化的存储到磁盘上去，这样RabbitMQ重启后，就可以恢复持久化的queue。

OK，现在你的queue的信息可以持久化了，RabbitMQ宕机重启后会自动恢复queue。但是，你的queue里的message数据呢？

queue里都是订单服务发送过去的订单消息数据，如果RabbitMQ还没来得及投递queue里的订单消息到仓储服务，结果RabbitMQ就宕机了。

那此时RabbitMQ重启之后，他可以恢复queue的信息，但是queue的message数据是没法恢复了。

所以此时还有一个重要的点，就是在你的订单服务发送消息到RabbitMQ的时候，需要定义这条消息也是durable，即持久化的。

channel.basicPublish(
 "", 
 "warehouse_schedule_delivery",
 MessageProperties.PERSISTENT_TEXT_PLAIN,
 message.getBytes());

通过上面的方式来发送消息，就可以让发送出去的消息是持久化的。

一旦标记了消息是持久化之后，就会让RabbitMQ把消息持久化写入到磁盘上去，此时如果RabbitMQ还没投递数据到仓储服务，结果就突然宕机了。那么再次重启的时候，就会把磁盘上持久化的消息给加载出来。

整个过程，如下图所示：

但是这里要注意一点，RabbitMQ的消息持久化，是不承诺100%的消息不丢失的。

因为有可能RabbitMQ接收到了消息，但是还没来得及持久化到磁盘，他自己就宕机了，这个时候消息还是会丢失的。

如果要完全100%保证写入RabbitMQ的数据必须落地磁盘，不会丢失，需要依靠其他的机制。

下次有机会再继续给不太熟悉MQ技术的同学，来讲解这里的东西。

END

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作者：石杉的架构笔记
链接：juejin.cn/post/684490…
来源：掘金
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