1 概述
采用数组+链表的形式对数据进行存储。 key可以为null。 线程非安全。
public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable {
HashMap继承了AbstractMap<K,V>抽象类，实现了Map<K,V>接口。
给定表M，存在函数f(key)，对任意给定的关键字值key，代入函数后若能得到包含该关键字的记录在表中的地址，则称表M为哈希(Hash）表，函数f(key)为哈希(Hash) 函数。
2 哈希函数
常的哈希函数有：
- 直接寻址法：取关键字或关键字的某个线性函数值为散列地址。即H(key)=key或H(key) = a?key + b，其中a和b为常数（这种散列函数叫做自身函数）
- 数字分析法：分析一组数据，比如一组员工的出生年月日，这时我们发现出生年月日的前几位数字大体相同，这样的话，出现冲突的几率就会很大，但是我们发现年月日的后几位表示月份和具体日期的数字差别很大，如果用后面的数字来构成散列地址，则冲突的几率会明显降低。因此数字分析法就是找出数字的规律，尽可能利用这些数据来构造冲突几率较低的散列地址。
- 平方取中法：取关键字平方后的中间几位作为散列地址。
- 折叠法：将关键字分割成位数相同的几部分，最后一部分位数可以不同，然后取这几部分的叠加和（去除进位）作为散列地址。
- 随机数法：选择一随机函数，取关键字的随机值作为散列地址，通常用于关键字长度不同的场合。
- 除留余数法：取关键字被某个不大于散列表表长m的数p除后所得的余数为散列地址。即 H(key) = key MOD p, p<=m。不仅可以对关键字直接取模，也可在折叠、平方取中等运算之后取模。对p的选择很重要，一般取素数或m，若p选的不好，容易产生同义词。
如果两个不同的元素，通过哈希函数得出的实际存储地址相同怎么办？也就是说，当我们对某个元素进行哈希运算，得到一个存储地址，然后要进行插入的时候，发现已经被其他元素占用了，其实这就是所谓的哈希冲突，也叫哈希碰撞。前面我们提到过，哈希函数的设计至关重要，好的哈希函数会尽可能地保证 计算简单和散列地址分布均匀,但是，我们需要清楚的是，数组是一块连续的固定长度的内存空间，再好的哈希函数也不能保证得到的存储地址绝对不发生冲突。那么哈希冲突如何解决呢？哈希冲突的解决方案有多种:开放定址法（发生冲突，继续寻找下一块未被占用的存储地址），再散列函数法，链地址法，而HashMap即是采用了链地址法，也就是数组+链表的方式。 简单来说，HashMap由数组+链表组成的，数组是HashMap的主体，链表则是主要为了解决哈希冲突而存在的，如果定位到的数组位置不含链表（当前entry的next指向null）,那么对于查找，添加等操作很快，仅需一次寻址即可；如果定位到的数组包含链表，对于添加操作，其时间复杂度为O(n)，首先遍历链表，存在即覆盖，否则新增；对于查找操作来讲，仍需遍历链表，然后通过key对象的equals方法逐一比对查找。所以，性能考虑，HashMap中的链表出现越少，性能才会越好。
在JDK1.8中如果链表的长度大于8会将该链表转换为红黑树。
HashMap源码中计算hash值的方法：
/**
* Computes key.hashCode() and spreads (XORs) higher bits of hash
* to lower. Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of
* hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will
* always collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys
* holding consecutive whole numbers in small tables.) So we
* apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits
* downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and
* quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes
* are already reasonably distributed (so don't benefit from
* spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets of
* collisions in bins, we just XOR some shifted bits in the
* cheapest possible way to reduce systematic lossage, as well as
* to incorporate impact of the highest bits that would otherwise
* never be used in index calculations because of table bounds.
*/
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
key.hashCode()函数调用的是key键值类型自带的哈希函数，返回int型散列值。 这个是扰动函数，为了减少哈希碰撞。 具体可以参考知乎回答：JDK 源码中 HashMap 的 hash方法原理是什么？
3 HashMap源码
初始容量16：
/**
* The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
最大容量2^30：
/**
* The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified
* by either of the constructors with arguments.
* MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
加载因子系数0.75：
在容量的3/4的时候扩容。
/**
* The load factor used when none specified in constructor.
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
HashMap底层实现了一个Node类，Node实现了Map.Entry接口：
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V>
Node数组：
/**
* The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
* necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
* (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
* bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
*/
transient Node<K,V>[] table;
hash方法：
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
put方法：（如果key重复，更新value，返回老的value）
/**
* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
* If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
* value is replaced.
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
* (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
putVal方法：
/**
* Implements Map.put and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to put
* @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
* @return previous value, or null if none
*/
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
Node<K,V> e; K k;
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
get方法：
/**
* Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
* or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
*
* <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
* {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
* key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
* it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
*
* <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
* indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
* possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
* The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
* distinguish these two cases.
*
* @see #put(Object, Object)
*/
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
}
扩容resize()：
/**
* Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in
* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
* with a power of two offset in the new table.
*
* @return the table
*/
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}
