在上一篇文章中,我们详细介绍了线性表数据结构的原理以及顺序存储结构,并结合ArrayList源码进行了分析,相关文章大家可以点击这里回看我的博客:线性表数据结构解读(一)顺序存储结构ArrayList
本篇文章,我将给大家继续解读线性表数据结构,这次我们来谈链式存储结构。
链式存储结构
链式存储结构是用一组任意的存储单元存储线性表的数据元素,这组存储单元可以是连续的,也可以是不连续的。
我们将数据元素和下一个元素位置的结构称为链表的节点。若第一个节点只表示整个链表的起始位置,而无任何信息,称其为头结点。对于最后一个结点,后面无任何元素,其表示元素位置的地址用“^”来表示,称其为尾结点,程序实现中用”null“表示。
链表中结点的表示必须要用到两个域,其中一个存放数组元素自身的信息ai,称其为数据域,另一个存放下一个元素的地址或位置,以保证链表的连续性,称其为指针。
链式存储结构的优缺点
优:删除和插入效率高
缺:查询效率低
链表的分类
● 单链表
是由第一个元素到最后一个元素构成的一个链,其特点是从第一个元素(可能有头指针和头结点)到最后一个元素(结束标志位^)够成的一个链,成为单链表。我们通过第一个元素的指针可以顺序找到后面元素所在的位置,因此所有操作全部是从第一个元素(头指针或头结点)开始的。
● 循环链表
在单链表中,最后一个元素的存储区域是^,如果将它指向第一个元素(头结点)位置,就构成了循环链表。循环链表的特点是在所有元素之间构成的一个环,从任何一个元素出发,都可以查找其他所有元素,同时还充分利用了空间。
● 双向循环链表
双向循环链表是单向循环链表的每个结点中,再设置一个指向其前驱结点的指针域。也就是说,可以从任何一个元素出发,向两个方向分别查找相应的元素,可以提高操作效率。
● 空的双向循环链表
在Java中,我们常见具有代表性的链式存储结构有很多,这里我们以LinkedList为例,进行分析,看看它内部是如何实现链式存储结构的,由于源码过长,这里我们重点分析增删改查和迭代器方法。
构造方法
public class LinkedList extends AbstractSequentialList implements
List, Deque, Queue, Cloneable, Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 876323262645176354L;
transient int size = 0;
transient Link voidLink;
private static final class Link {
ET data;
Link previous, next;
Link(ET o, Link p, Link n) {
data = o;
previous = p;
next = n;
}
}
/**
* LinkedList无参构造
*/
public LinkedList() {
voidLink = new Link(null, null, null);
voidLink.previous = voidLink;
voidLink.next = voidLink;
}
/**
* 接收一个Collection参数的LinkedList构造方法
*/
public LinkedList(Collection collection) {
this();
addAll(collection);
}
迭代器
private static final class LinkIterator implements ListIterator {
int pos, expectedModCount;
final LinkedList list;
Link link, lastLink;
LinkIterator(LinkedList object, int location) {
list = object;
expectedModCount = list.modCount;
if (location >= 0 && location list.size) {
link = list.voidLink;
if (location < list.size / 2) {
for (pos = -1; pos + 1 < location; pos++) {
link = link.next;
}
} else {
for (pos = list.size; pos >= location; pos--) {
link = link.previous;
}
}
} else {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
}
public void add(ET object) {
if (expectedModCount == list.modCount) {
Link next = link.next;
Link newLink = new Link(object, link, next);
link.next = newLink;
next.previous = newLink;
link = newLink;
lastLink = null;
pos++;
expectedModCount++;
list.size++;
list.modCount++;
} else {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public boolean hasNext() {
return link.next != list.voidLink;
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return link != list.voidLink;
}
public ET next() {
if (expectedModCount == list.modCount) {
LinkedList.Link next = link.next;
if (next != list.voidLink) {
lastLink = link = next;
pos++;
return link.data;
}
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
public int nextIndex() {
return pos + 1;
}
public ET previous() {
if (expectedModCount == list.modCount) {
if (link != list.voidLink) {
lastLink = link;
link = link.previous;
pos--;
return lastLink.data;
}
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
public int previousIndex() {
return pos;
}
public void remove() {
if (expectedModCount == list.modCount) {
if (lastLink != null) {
Link next = lastLink.next;
Link previous = lastLink.previous;
next.previous = previous;
previous.next = next;
if (lastLink == link) {
pos--;
}
link = previous;
lastLink = null;
expectedModCount++;
list.size--;
list.modCount++;
} else {
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
} else {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public void set(ET object) {
if (expectedModCount == list.modCount) {
if (lastLink != null) {
lastLink.data = object;
} else {
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
} else {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
}
添加方法
/**
* 添加方法,在指定位置进行添加
* @param location the index at which to insert.
* @param object the object to add.
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
* if {@code location < 0 || location > size()}
*/
@Override
public void add(int location, E object) {
if (location >= 0 && location <= size) {
Link link = voidLink;
if (location < (size / 2)) {
for (int i = 0; i <= location; i++) {
link = link.next;
}
} else {
for (int i = size; i > location; i--) {
link = link.previous;
}
}
Link previous = link.previous;
Link newLink = new Link(object, previous, link);
previous.next = newLink;
link.previous = newLink;
size++;
modCount++;
} else {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
}
/**
* 将元素(E)添加到LinkedList中
* @param object the object to add.
* @return always true
*/
@Override
public boolean add(E object) {
return addLastImpl(object);
}
为了方便大家理解,下面我将画图来解释下插入结点的实现机制
删除方法
/**
* Removes the object at the specified location from this {@code LinkedList}.
* @param location the index of the object to remove
* @return the removed object
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
* if {@code location < 0 || location >= size()}
*/
@Override
public E remove(int location) {
if (location >= 0 && location < size) {
Link link = voidLink;
if (location < (size / 2)) {
for (int i = 0; i <= location; i++) {
link = link.next;
}
} else {
for (int i = size; i > location; i--) {
link = link.previous;
}
}
Link previous = link.previous;
Link next = link.next;
previous.next = next;
next.previous = previous;
size--;
modCount++;
return link.data;
}
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
获取方法
@Override
public E get(int location) {
if (location >= 0 && location < size) {
Link link = voidLink;
if (location < (size / 2)) {
for (int i = 0; i <= location; i++) {
link = link.next;
}
} else {
for (int i = size; i > location; i--) {
link = link.previous;
}
}
return link.data;
}
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
修改方法
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified location in this {@code LinkedList}
* with the specified object.
*
* @param location
* the index at which to put the specified object.
* @param object
* the object to add.
* @return the previous element at the index.
* @throws ClassCastException
* if the class of an object is inappropriate for this list.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if an object cannot be added to this list.
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
* if {@code location < 0 || location >= size()}
*/
@Override
public E set(int location, E object) {
if (location >= 0 && location < size) {
Link link = voidLink;
if (location < (size / 2)) {
for (int i = 0; i <= location; i++) {
link = link.next;
}
} else {
for (int i = size; i > location; i--) {
link = link.previous;
}
}
E result = link.data;
link.data = object;
return result;
}
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}