1、LIMIT 语句

分页查询是最常用的场景之一，但也通常也是最容易出问题的地方。比如对于下面简单的语句，一般 DBA 想到的办法是在 type, name, create_time 字段上加组合索引。这样条件排序都能有效的利用到索引，性能迅速提升。

SELECT * 
FROM   operation 
WHERE  type = 'SQLStats' 
       AND name = 'SlowLog' 
ORDER  BY create_time 
LIMIT  1000, 10;

好吧，可能90%以上的 DBA 解决该问题就到此为止。但当 LIMIT 子句变成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 时，程序员仍然会抱怨：我只取10条记录为什么还是慢？

要知道数据库也并不知道第1000000条记录从什么地方开始，即使有索引也需要从头计算一次。出现这种性能问题，多数情形下是程序员偷懒了。

在前端数据浏览翻页，或者大数据分批导出等场景下，是可以将上一页的最大值当成参数作为查询条件的。SQL 重新设计如下：

SELECT   * 
FROM     operation 
WHERE    type = 'SQLStats' 
AND      name = 'SlowLog' 
AND      create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00' 
ORDER BY create_time limit 10;

在新设计下查询时间基本固定，不会随着数据量的增长而发生变化。

2、隐式转换

SQL语句中查询变量和字段定义类型不匹配是另一个常见的错误。比如下面的语句：

mysql> explain extended SELECT * 
     > FROM   my_balance b 
     > WHERE  b.bpn = 14000000123 
     >       AND b.isverified IS NULL ;
mysql> show warnings;
| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'

其中字段 bpn 的定义为 varchar(20)，MySQL 的策略是将字符串转换为数字之后再比较。函数作用于表字段，索引失效。

上述情况可能是应用程序框架自动填入的参数，而不是程序员的原意。现在应用框架很多很繁杂，使用方便的同时也小心它可能给自己挖坑。

3、关联更新、删除

虽然 MySQL5.6 引入了物化特性，但需要特别注意它目前仅仅针对查询语句的优化。对于更新或删除需要手工重写成 JOIN。

比如下面 UPDATE 语句，MySQL 实际执行的是循环/嵌套子查询（DEPENDENT SUBQUERY)，其执行时间可想而知。

UPDATE operation o 
SET    status = 'applying' 
WHERE  o.id IN (SELECT id 
                FROM   (SELECT o.id, 
                               o.status 
                        FROM   operation o 
                        WHERE  o.group = 123 
                               AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
                        ORDER  BY o.parent, 
                                  o.id 
                        LIMIT  1) t);

执行计划：

+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type        | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                                               |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1  | PRIMARY            | o     | index |               | PRIMARY | 8       |       | 24   | Using where; Using temporary                        |
| 2  | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY |       |       |               |         |         |       |      | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 3  | DERIVED            | o     | ref   | idx_2,idx_5   | idx_5   | 8       | const | 1    | Using where; Using filesort                         |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

重写为 JOIN 之后，子查询的选择模式从 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY 变成 DERIVED，执行速度大大加快，从7秒降低到2毫秒。

UPDATE operation o 
       JOIN  (SELECT o.id, 
                            o.status 
                     FROM   operation o 
                     WHERE  o.group = 123 
                            AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
                     ORDER  BY o.parent, 
                               o.id 
                     LIMIT  1) t
         ON o.id = t.id 
SET    status = 'applying'

执行计划简化为：

+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                                               |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1  | PRIMARY     |       |      |               |       |         |       |      | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 2  | DERIVED     | o     | ref  | idx_2,idx_5   | idx_5 | 8       | const | 1    | Using where; Using filesort                         |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

4、混合排序

MySQL 不能利用索引进行混合排序。但在某些场景，还是有机会使用特殊方法提升性能的。

SELECT * 
FROM   my_order o 
       INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id 
ORDER  BY a.is_reply ASC, 
          a.appraise_time DESC 
LIMIT  0, 20

执行计划显示为全表扫描：

+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys     | key     | key_len | ref      | rows    | Extra    
+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | a     | ALL    | idx_orderid | NULL    | NULL    | NULL    | 1967647 | Using filesort |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | o     | eq_ref | PRIMARY     | PRIMARY | 122     | a.orderid |       1 | NULL           |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+-+

由于 is_reply 只有0和1两种状态，我们按照下面的方法重写后，执行时间从1.58秒降低到2毫秒。

SELECT * 
FROM   ((SELECT *
         FROM   my_order o 
                INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
                        ON a.orderid = o.id 
                           AND is_reply = 0 
         ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC 
         LIMIT  0, 20) 
        UNION ALL 
        (SELECT *
         FROM   my_order o 
                INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
                        ON a.orderid = o.id 
                           AND is_reply = 1 
         ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC 
         LIMIT  0, 20)) t 
ORDER  BY  is_reply ASC, 
          appraisetime DESC 
LIMIT  20;

5、EXISTS语句

MySQL 对待 EXISTS 子句时，仍然采用嵌套子查询的执行方式。如下面的 SQL 语句：

SELECT *
FROM   my_neighbor n 
       LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
              ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
                 AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' 
WHERE  n.topic_status < 4 
       AND EXISTS(SELECT 1 
                  FROM   message_info m 
                  WHERE  n.id = m.neighbor_id 
                         AND m.inuser = 'xxx') 
       AND n.topic_type <> 5

执行计划为：

+----+--------------------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
| id | select_type        | table | type | possible_keys     | key   | key_len | ref   | rows    | Extra   |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
|  1 | PRIMARY            | n     | ALL  |  | NULL     | NULL    | NULL  | 1086041 | Using where                   |
|  1 | PRIMARY            | sra   | ref  |  | idx_user_id | 123     | const |       1 | Using where          |
|  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | m     | ref  |  | idx_message_info   | 122     | const |       1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+

去掉 exists 更改为 join，能够避免嵌套子查询，将执行时间从1.93秒降低为1毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM   my_neighbor n 
       INNER JOIN message_info m 
               ON n.id = m.neighbor_id 
                  AND m.inuser = 'xxx' 
       LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
              ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
                 AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' 
WHERE  n.topic_status < 4 
       AND n.topic_type <> 5

新的执行计划：

+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys     | key       | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | m     | ref    | | idx_message_info   | 122     | const    |    1 | Using index condition |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | n     | eq_ref | | PRIMARY   | 122     | ighbor_id |    1 | Using where      |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | sra   | ref    | | idx_user_id | 123     | const     |    1 | Using where           |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+

6、条件下推

外部查询条件不能够下推到复杂的视图或子查询的情况有：

聚合子查询；
含有 LIMIT 的子查询；
UNION 或 UNION ALL 子查询；
输出字段中的子查询；

如下面的语句，从执行计划可以看出其条件作用于聚合子查询之后：

SELECT * 
FROM   (SELECT target, 
               Count(*) 
        FROM   operation 
        GROUP  BY target) t 
WHERE  target = 'rm-xxxx'

+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table      | type  | possible_keys | key         | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | ref   | <auto_key0>   | <auto_key0> | 514     | const |    2 | Using where |
|  2 | DERIVED     | operation  | index | idx_4         | idx_4       | 519     | NULL  |   20 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+

确定从语义上查询条件可以直接下推后，重写如下：

SELECT target, 
       Count(*) 
FROM   operation 
WHERE  target = 'rm-xxxx' 
GROUP  BY target

执行计划变为：

+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | operation | ref | idx_4 | idx_4 | 514 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+

7、提前缩小范围

先上初始 SQL 语句：

SELECT * 
FROM   my_order o 
       LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
              ON o.uid = u.uid
       LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
              ON o.pid = p.pid 
WHERE  ( o.display = 0 ) 
       AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) 
ORDER  BY o.selltime DESC 
LIMIT  0, 15

该SQL语句原意是：先做一系列的左连接，然后排序取前15条记录。从执行计划也可以看出，最后一步估算排序记录数为90万，时间消耗为12秒。

+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref             | rows   | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | o     | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            | 909119 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort       |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | u     | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | o.uid |      1 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | p     | ALL    | PRIMARY       | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            |      6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

由于最后 WHERE 条件以及排序均针对最左主表，因此可以先对 my_order 排序提前缩小数据量再做左连接。SQL 重写后如下，执行时间缩小为1毫秒左右。

SELECT * 
FROM (
SELECT * 
FROM   my_order o 
WHERE  ( o.display = 0 ) 
       AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) 
ORDER  BY o.selltime DESC 
LIMIT  0, 15
) o 
     LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
              ON o.uid = u.uid 
     LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
              ON o.pid = p.pid 
ORDER BY  o.selltime DESC
limit 0, 15

再检查执行计划：子查询物化后（select_type=DERIVED)参与 JOIN。虽然估算行扫描仍然为90万，但是利用了索引以及 LIMIT 子句后，实际执行时间变得很小。

+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table      | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows   | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |     15 | Using temporary; Using filesort                    |
|  1 | PRIMARY     | u          | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | o.uid |      1 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | PRIMARY     | p          | ALL    | PRIMARY       | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |      6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
|  2 | DERIVED     | o          | index  | NULL          | idx_1   | 5       | NULL  | 909112 | Using where                                        |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

8、中间结果集下推

再来看下面这个已经初步优化过的例子(左连接中的主表优先作用查询条件)：

SELECT    a.*, 
          c.allocated 
FROM      ( 
              SELECT   resourceid 
              FROM     my_distribute d 
                   WHERE    isdelete = 0 
                   AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
                   ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
LEFT JOIN 
          ( 
              SELECT   resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
              FROM     my_resources 
                   GROUP BY resourcesid) c 
ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

那么该语句还存在其它问题吗？不难看出子查询 c 是全表聚合查询，在表数量特别大的情况下会导致整个语句的性能下降。

其实对于子查询 c，左连接最后结果集只关心能和主表 resourceid 能匹配的数据。因此我们可以重写语句如下，执行时间从原来的2秒下降到2毫秒。

SELECT    a.*, 
          c.allocated 
FROM      ( 
                   SELECT   resourceid 
                   FROM     my_distribute d 
                   WHERE    isdelete = 0 
                   AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
                   ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
LEFT JOIN 
          ( 
                   SELECT   resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
                   FROM     my_resources r, 
                            ( 
                                     SELECT   resourceid 
                                     FROM     my_distribute d 
                                     WHERE    isdelete = 0 
                                     AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
                                     ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
                   WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
                   GROUP BY resourcesid) c 
ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

但是子查询 a 在我们的SQL语句中出现了多次。这种写法不仅存在额外的开销，还使得整个语句显的繁杂。使用 WITH 语句再次重写：

WITH a AS 
( 
         SELECT   resourceid 
         FROM     my_distribute d 
         WHERE    isdelete = 0 
         AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
         ORDER BY salecode limit 20)
SELECT    a.*, 
          c.allocated 
FROM      a 
LEFT JOIN 
          ( 
                   SELECT   resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
                   FROM     my_resources r, 
                            a 
                   WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
                   GROUP BY resourcesid) c 
ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

总结

数据库编译器产生执行计划，决定着SQL的实际执行方式。但是编译器只是尽力服务，所有数据库的编译器都不是尽善尽美的。

上述提到的多数场景，在其它数据库中也存在性能问题。了解数据库编译器的特性，才能避规其短处，写出高性能的SQL语句。

程序员在设计数据模型以及编写SQL语句时，要把算法的思想或意识带进来。

编写复杂SQL语句要养成使用 WITH 语句的习惯。简洁且思路清晰的SQL语句也能减小数据库的负担。

最后

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