前言

本文主要介绍 Elasticsearch 23种最有用的检索技巧，提供了详尽的源码举例，并配有相应的Java API实现，是不可多得的 Elasticsearch 学习&实战资料

数据准备

为了讲解不同类型 ES 检索，我们将要对包含以下类型的文档集合进行检索：

title               标题
authors             作者
summary             摘要
publish_date        发布日期
num_reviews         评论数
publisher           出版社

首先，我们借助 bulk API 批量创建新的索引并提交数据

# 设置索引 settings
PUT /bookdb_index
{ "settings": { "number_of_shards": 1 }}

# bulk 提交数据
POST /bookdb_index/book/_bulk
{"index":{"_id":1}}
{"title":"Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide","authors":["clinton gormley","zachary tong"],"summary":"A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine","publish_date":"2015-02-07","num_reviews":20,"publisher":"oreilly"}
{"index":{"_id":2}}
{"title":"Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It","authors":["grant ingersoll","thomas morton","drew farris"],"summary":"organize text using approaches such as full-text search, proper name recognition, clustering, tagging, information extraction, and summarization","publish_date":"2013-01-24","num_reviews":12,"publisher":"manning"}
{"index":{"_id":3}}
{"title":"Elasticsearch in Action","authors":["radu gheorge","matthew lee hinman","roy russo"],"summary":"build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms","publish_date":"2015-12-03","num_reviews":18,"publisher":"manning"}
{"index":{"_id":4}}
{"title":"Solr in Action","authors":["trey grainger","timothy potter"],"summary":"Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr","publish_date":"2014-04-05","num_reviews":23,"publisher":"manning"}

注意：本文实验使用的ES版本是 ES 6.3.0

1、基本匹配检索( Basic Match Query)

1.1 全文检索

有两种方式可以执行全文检索：

1）使用包含参数的检索API，参数作为URL的一部分

举例：以下对 "guide" 执行全文检索

GET bookdb_index/book/_search?q=guide

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 2,
    "max_score": 1.3278645,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 1.3278645,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "authors": [
            "trey grainger",
            "timothy potter"
          ],
          "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05",
          "num_reviews": 23,
          "publisher": "manning"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1.2871116,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "authors": [
            "clinton gormley",
            "zachary tong"
          ],
          "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine",
          "publish_date": "2015-02-07",
          "num_reviews": 20,
          "publisher": "oreilly"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

2）使用完整的ES DSL，其中Json body作为请求体 其执行结果如方式 1）结果一致.

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "multi_match": {
      "query": "guide",
      "fields" : ["_all"]
    }
  }
}

解读： 使用multi_match关键字代替match关键字，作为对多个字段运行相同查询的方便的简写方式。 fields属性指定要查询的字段，在这种情况下，我们要对文档中的所有字段进行查询

注意：ES 6.x 默认不启用 _all 字段, 不指定 fields 默认搜索为所有字段

1.2 指定特定字段检索

这两个API也允许您指定要搜索的字段。
例如，要在标题字段(title)中搜索带有 "in action" 字样的图书

1）URL检索方式

GET bookdb_index/book/_search?q=title:in action

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 2,
    "max_score": 1.6323128,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": 1.6323128,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Elasticsearch in Action",
          "authors": [
            "radu gheorge",
            "matthew lee hinman",
            "roy russo"
          ],
          "summary": "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms",
          "publish_date": "2015-12-03",
          "num_reviews": 18,
          "publisher": "manning"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 1.6323128,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "authors": [
            "trey grainger",
            "timothy potter"
          ],
          "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05",
          "num_reviews": 23,
          "publisher": "manning"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

2）DSL检索方式 然而，full body的DSL为您提供了创建更复杂查询的更多灵活性（我们将在后面看到）以及指定您希望的返回结果。在下面的示例中，我们指定要返回的结果数、偏移量（对分页有用）、我们要返回的文档字段以及属性的高亮显示。

结果数的表示方式：size
偏移值的表示方式：from
指定返回字段的表示方式：_source
高亮显示的表示方式：highliaght

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "title": "in action"
    }
  },
  "size": 2,
  "from": 0,
  "_source": ["title", "summary", "publish_date"],
  "highlight": {
    "fields": {
      "title": {}
    }
  }
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 2,
    "max_score": 1.6323128,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": 1.6323128,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms",
          "title": "Elasticsearch in Action",
          "publish_date": "2015-12-03"
        },
        "highlight": {
          "title": [
            "Elasticsearch <em>in</em> <em>Action</em>"
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 1.6323128,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr",
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05"
        },
        "highlight": {
          "title": [
            "Solr <em>in</em> <em>Action</em>"
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  }

注意:

对于 multi-word 检索，匹配查询允许您指定是否使用 and 运算符，而不是使用默认 or 运算符 ---> "operator" : "and"

您还可以指定 minimum_should_match 选项来调整返回结果的相关性，详细信息可以在Elasticsearch指南中查询Elasticsearch guide获取。

2、多字段检索 (Multi-field Search)

如我们已经看到的，要在搜索中查询多个文档字段（例如在标题和摘要中搜索相同的查询字符串），请使用multi_match查询

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "multi_match": {
      "query": "guide", 
      "fields": ["title", "summary"]
    }
  }
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 3,
    "max_score": 2.0281231,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 2.0281231,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "authors": [
            "clinton gormley",
            "zachary tong"
          ],
          "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine",
          "publish_date": "2015-02-07",
          "num_reviews": 20,
          "publisher": "oreilly"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 1.3278645,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "authors": [
            "trey grainger",
            "timothy potter"
          ],
          "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05",
          "num_reviews": 23,
          "publisher": "manning"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": 1.0333893,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Elasticsearch in Action",
          "authors": [
            "radu gheorge",
            "matthew lee hinman",
            "roy russo"
          ],
          "summary": "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms",
          "publish_date": "2015-12-03",
          "num_reviews": 18,
          "publisher": "manning"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

注意：以上结果中文档4（_id=4）匹配的原因是guide在summary存在。

3、 Boosting提升某字段得分的检索( Boosting)

由于我们正在多个字段进行搜索，我们可能希望提高某一字段的得分。在下面的例子中，我们将“摘要”字段的得分提高了3倍，以增加“摘要”字段的重要性，从而提高文档 4 的相关性。

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "multi_match": {
      "query": "elasticsearch guide", 
      "fields": ["title", "summary^3"]
    }
  },
  "_source": ["title", "summary", "publish_date"]
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 3,
    "max_score": 3.9835935,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 3.9835935,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr",
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": 3.1001682,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms",
          "title": "Elasticsearch in Action",
          "publish_date": "2015-12-03"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 2.0281231,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine",
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "publish_date": "2015-02-07"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

注意：Boosting不仅意味着计算得分乘法以增加因子。实际的提升得分值是通过归一化和一些内部优化。参考 Elasticsearch guide查看更多

4、Bool检索( Bool Query)

可以使用 AND / OR / NOT 运算符来微调我们的搜索查询，以提供更相关或指定的搜索结果。

在搜索API中是通过bool查询来实现的。 bool查询接受 must 参数（等效于AND），一个 must_not 参数（相当于NOT）或者一个 should 参数（等同于OR）。

例如，如果我想在标题中搜索一本名为 "Elasticsearch" 或 "Solr" 的书，AND由 "clinton gormley" 创作，但NOT由 "radu gheorge" 创作

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        {
          "bool": {
            "should": [
              {"match": {"title": "Elasticsearch"}},
              {"match": {"title": "Solr"}}
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "match": {"authors": "clinton gormely"}
        }
      ],
      "must_not": [
        {
          "match": {"authors": "radu gheorge"}
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 2.0749094,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 2.0749094,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "authors": [
            "clinton gormley",
            "zachary tong"
          ],
          "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine",
          "publish_date": "2015-02-07",
          "num_reviews": 20,
          "publisher": "oreilly"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

关于bool查询中的should，有两种情况：

当should的同级存在must的时候，should中的条件可以满足也可以不满足，满足的越多得分越高
当没有must的时候，默认should中的条件至少要满足一个

注意：您可以看到，bool查询可以包含任何其他查询类型，包括其他布尔查询，以创建任意复杂或深度嵌套的查询

5、 Fuzzy 模糊检索( Fuzzy Queries)

在 Match检索和多匹配检索中可以启用模糊匹配来捕捉拼写错误。基于与原始词的 Levenshtein 距离来指定模糊度

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "multi_match": {
      "query": "comprihensiv guide",
      "fields": ["title","summary"],
      "fuzziness": "AUTO"
    }
  },
  "_source": ["title","summary","publish_date"],
  "size": 2
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 2,
    "max_score": 2.4344182,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 2.4344182,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr",
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1.2871116,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine",
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "publish_date": "2015-02-07"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

"AUTO" 的模糊值相当于当字段长度大于5时指定值2。但是，设置80％的拼写错误的编辑距离为1，将模糊度设置为1可能会提高整体搜索性能。有关更多信息， Typos and Misspellingsch

6、 Wildcard Query 通配符检索

通配符查询允许您指定匹配的模式，而不是整个词组（term）检索

？匹配任何字符
- 匹配零个或多个字符

举例，要查找具有以 "t" 字母开头的作者的所有记录，如下所示

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "wildcard": {
      "authors": {
        "value": "t*"
      }
    }
  },
  "_source": ["title", "authors"],
  "highlight": {
    "fields": {
      "authors": {}
    }
  }
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 3,
    "max_score": 1,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "authors": [
            "clinton gormley",
            "zachary tong"
          ]
        },
        "highlight": {
          "authors": [
            "zachary <em>tong</em>"
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "2",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It",
          "authors": [
            "grant ingersoll",
            "thomas morton",
            "drew farris"
          ]
        },
        "highlight": {
          "authors": [
            "<em>thomas</em> morton"
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "authors": [
            "trey grainger",
            "timothy potter"
          ]
        },
        "highlight": {
          "authors": [
            "<em>trey</em> grainger",
            "<em>timothy</em> potter"
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  }

7、正则表达式检索( Regexp Query)

正则表达式能指定比通配符检索更复杂的检索模式，举例如下：

POST bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "regexp": {
      "authors": "t[a-z]*y"
    }
  },
  "_source": ["title", "authors"],
  "highlight": {
    "fields": {
      "authors": {}
    }
  }
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 1,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "authors": [
            "trey grainger",
            "timothy potter"
          ]
        },
        "highlight": {
          "authors": [
            "<em>trey</em> grainger",
            "<em>timothy</em> potter"
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  }

8、匹配短语检索( Match Phrase Query)

匹配短语查询要求查询字符串中的所有词都存在于文档中，按照查询字符串中指定的顺序并且彼此靠近。

默认情况下，这些词必须完全相邻，但您可以指定偏离值（slop value)，该值指示在仍然考虑文档匹配的情况下词与词之间的偏离值。

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "multi_match": {
      "query": "search engine",
      "fields": ["title", "summary"],
      "type": "phrase",
      "slop": 3
    }
  },
  "_source": [ "title", "summary", "publish_date" ]
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 2,
    "max_score": 0.88067603,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 0.88067603,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr",
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 0.51429313,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine",
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "publish_date": "2015-02-07"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

注意：在上面的示例中，对于非短语类型查询，文档_id 1通常具有较高的分数，并且显示在文档_id 4之前，因为其字段长度较短。

然而，作为一个短语查询，词与词之间的接近度被考虑在内，所以文档_id 4分数更好

9、匹配词组前缀检索

匹配词组前缀查询在查询时提供搜索即时类型或 "相对简单" "的自动完成版本，而无需以任何方式准备数据。

像match_phrase查询一样，它接受一个斜率参数，使得单词的顺序和相对位置没有那么 "严格"。它还接受max_expansions参数来限制匹配的条件数以减少资源强度

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase_prefix": {
      "summary": {
        "query": "search en",
        "slop": 3,
        "max_expansions": 10
      }
    }
  },
  "_source": ["title","summary","publish_date"]
}

注意：查询时间搜索类型具有性能成本。一个更好的解决方案是将时间作为索引类型。更多相关API查询 Completion Suggester API 或者 Edge-Ngram filters 。

10、字符串检索（ Query String）

query_string查询提供了以简明的简写语法执行多匹配查询 multi_match queries ，布尔查询 bool queries ，提升得分 boosting ，模糊匹配 fuzzy matching ，通配符 wildcards ，正则表达式 regexp 和范围查询 range queries 的方式。

在下面的例子中，我们对 "search algorithm" 一词执行模糊搜索，其中一本作者是 "grant ingersoll" 或 "tom morton"。我们搜索所有字段，但将提升应用于文档2的摘要字段

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "query_string": {
      "query": "(saerch~1 algorithm~1) AND (grant ingersoll)  OR (tom morton)",
      "fields": ["summary^2","title","authors","publisher"]
    }
  },
  "_source": ["title","summary","authors"],
  "highlight": {
    "fields": {
      "summary": {}
    }
  }
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 3.571021,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "2",
        "_score": 3.571021,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "organize text using approaches such as full-text search, proper name recognition, clustering, tagging, information extraction, and summarization",
          "title": "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It",
          "authors": [
            "grant ingersoll",
            "thomas morton",
            "drew farris"
          ]
        },
        "highlight": {
          "summary": [
            "organize text using approaches such as full-text <em>search</em>, proper name recognition, clustering, tagging"
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  }

11、简化的字符串检索（Simple Query String）

simple_query_string 查询是 query_string 查询的一个版本，更适合用于暴露给用户的单个搜索框，因为它分别用 + / | / - 替换了 AND / OR / NOT 的使用，并放弃查询的无效部分，而不是在用户出错时抛出异常。

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "simple_query_string": {
      "query": "(saerch~1 algorithm~1) + (grant ingersoll)  | (tom morton)",
      "fields": ["summary^2","title","authors","publisher"]
    }
  },
  "_source": ["title","summary","authors"],
  "highlight": {
    "fields": {
      "summary": {}
    }
  }
}

[Results]
# 结果同上

12、Term/Terms检索（指定字段检索）

上面1-11小节的例子是全文搜索的例子。有时我们对结构化搜索更感兴趣，我们希望在其中找到完全匹配并返回结果

在下面的例子中，我们搜索 Manning Publications 发布的索引中的所有图书（借助 term和terms查询）

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "publisher": {
        "value": "manning"
      }
    }
  },
  "_source" : ["title","publish_date","publisher"]
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 3,
    "max_score": 0.35667494,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "2",
        "_score": 0.35667494,
        "_source": {
          "publisher": "manning",
          "title": "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It",
          "publish_date": "2013-01-24"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": 0.35667494,
        "_source": {
          "publisher": "manning",
          "title": "Elasticsearch in Action",
          "publish_date": "2015-12-03"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 0.35667494,
        "_source": {
          "publisher": "manning",
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

Multiple terms可指定多个关键词进行检索

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "terms": {
      "publisher": ["oreilly", "manning"]
    }
  }
}

13、Term排序检索-（Term Query - Sorted）

Term查询和其他查询一样，轻松的实现排序。多级排序也是允许的

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "publisher": {
        "value": "manning"
      }
    }
  },
  "_source" : ["title","publish_date","publisher"],
  "sort": [{"publisher.keyword": { "order": "desc"}},
    {"title.keyword": {"order": "asc"}}]
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 3,
    "max_score": null,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": null,
        "_source": {
          "publisher": "manning",
          "title": "Elasticsearch in Action",
          "publish_date": "2015-12-03"
        },
        "sort": [
          "manning",
          "Elasticsearch in Action"
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": null,
        "_source": {
          "publisher": "manning",
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05"
        },
        "sort": [
          "manning",
          "Solr in Action"
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "2",
        "_score": null,
        "_source": {
          "publisher": "manning",
          "title": "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It",
          "publish_date": "2013-01-24"
        },
        "sort": [
          "manning",
          "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It"
        ]
      }
    ]
  }

注意：Elasticsearch 6.x 全文搜索用text类型的字段，排序用不用 text 类型的字段

14、范围检索（Range query）

另一个结构化检索的例子是范围检索。下面的举例中，我们检索了2015年发布的书籍。

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "range": {
      "publish_date": {
        "gte": "2015-01-01",
        "lte": "2015-12-31"
      }
    }
  },
  "_source" : ["title","publish_date","publisher"]
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 2,
    "max_score": 1,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "publisher": "oreilly",
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "publish_date": "2015-02-07"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "publisher": "manning",
          "title": "Elasticsearch in Action",
          "publish_date": "2015-12-03"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

注意：范围查询适用于日期，数字和字符串类型字段

15、过滤检索（Filtered query）

（5.0版本起已不再存在，不必关注）

过滤的查询允许您过滤查询的结果。如下的例子，我们在标题或摘要中查询名为“Elasticsearch”的图书，但是我们希望将结果过滤到只有20个或更多评论的结果。

POST /bookdb_index/book/_search
{
    "query": {
        "filtered": {
            "query" : {
                "multi_match": {
                    "query": "elasticsearch",
                    "fields": ["title","summary"]
                }
            },
            "filter": {
                "range" : {
                    "num_reviews": {
                        "gte": 20
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    },
    "_source" : ["title","summary","publisher", "num_reviews"]
}


[Results]
"hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 0.5955761,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine",
          "publisher": "oreilly",
          "num_reviews": 20,
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide"
        }
      }
    ]

注意：已过滤的查询不要求存在要过滤的查询。如果没有指定查询，则运行 match_all 查询，基本上返回索引中的所有文档，然后对其进行过滤。实际上，首先运行过滤器，减少需要查询的表面积。此外，过滤器在第一次使用后被缓存，这使得它非常有效

更新： 已筛选的查询已推出的Elasticsearch 5.X版本中移除，有利于布尔查询。这是与上面重写的使用bool查询相同的示例。返回的结果是完全一样的。

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        {
          "multi_match": {
            "query": "elasticsearch",
            "fields": ["title","summary"]
          }
        }
      ],
      "filter": {
        "range": {
          "num_reviews": {
            "gte": 20
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "_source" : ["title","summary","publisher", "num_reviews"]
}

16、多个过滤器检索（Multiple Filters）

（5.x不再支持，无需关注）多个过滤器可以通过使用布尔过滤器进行组合。

在下一个示例中，过滤器确定返回的结果必须至少包含20个评论，不得在2015年之前发布，并且应该由oreilly发布

POST /bookdb_index/book/_search
{
    "query": {
        "filtered": {
            "query" : {
                "multi_match": {
                    "query": "elasticsearch",
                    "fields": ["title","summary"]
                }
            },
            "filter": {
                "bool": {
                    "must": {
                        "range" : { "num_reviews": { "gte": 20 } }
                    },
                    "must_not": {
                        "range" : { "publish_date": { "lte": "2014-12-31" } }
                    },
                    "should": {
                        "term": { "publisher": "oreilly" }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    },
    "_source" : ["title","summary","publisher", "num_reviews", "publish_date"]
}


[Results]
"hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 0.5955761,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine",
          "publisher": "oreilly",
          "num_reviews": 20,
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "publish_date": "2015-02-07"
        }
      }
    ]

17、 Function 得分：Field值因子（ Function Score: Field Value Factor）

可能有一种情况，您想要将文档中特定字段的值纳入相关性分数的计算。这在您希望基于其受欢迎程度提升文档的相关性的情况下是有代表性的场景

在我们的例子中，我们希望增加更受欢迎的书籍（按评论数量判断）。这可以使用field_value_factor函数得分

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "function_score": {
      "query": {
        "multi_match": {
          "query": "search engine",
          "fields": ["title","summary"]
        }
      },
      "field_value_factor": {
        "field": "num_reviews",
        "modifier": "log1p",
        "factor": 2
      }
    }
  },
  "_source": ["title", "summary", "publish_date", "num_reviews"]
}

[Results]
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1.5694137,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine",
          "num_reviews": 20,
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "publish_date": "2015-02-07"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 1.4725765,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr",
          "num_reviews": 23,
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": 0.14181662,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms",
          "num_reviews": 18,
          "title": "Elasticsearch in Action",
          "publish_date": "2015-12-03"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "2",
        "_score": 0.13297246,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "organize text using approaches such as full-text search, proper name recognition, clustering, tagging, information extraction, and summarization",
          "num_reviews": 12,
          "title": "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It",
          "publish_date": "2013-01-24"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

注1：我们可以运行一个常规的multi_match查询，并按num_reviews字段排序，但是我们失去了相关性得分的好处。
注2：有许多附加参数可以调整对原始相关性分数（如“ modifier ”，“ factor ”，“boost_mode”等）的增强效果的程度。
详见 Elasticsearch guide.

18、 Function 得分：衰减函数( Function Score: Decay Functions )

假设，我们不是想通过一个字段的值逐渐增加得分，以获取理想的结果。举例：价格范围、数字字段范围、日期范围。在我们的例子中，我们正在搜索2014年6月左右出版的“ search engines ”的书籍。

GET bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "function_score": {
      "query": {
        "multi_match": {
          "query": "search engine",
          "fields": ["title", "summary"]
        }
      },
      "functions": [
        {
          "exp": {
            "publish_date": {
              "origin": "2014-06-15",
              "scale": "30d",
              "offset": "7d"
            }
          }
        }
      ],
      "boost_mode": "replace"
    }
  },
  "_source": ["title", "summary", "publish_date", "num_reviews"]
}

[Results]
  "hits": {
    "total": 4,
    "max_score": 0.22793062,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "4",
        "_score": 0.22793062,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "Comprehensive guide to implementing a scalable search engine using Apache Solr",
          "num_reviews": 23,
          "title": "Solr in Action",
          "publish_date": "2014-04-05"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 0.0049215667,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "A distibuted real-time search and analytics engine",
          "num_reviews": 20,
          "title": "Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide",
          "publish_date": "2015-02-07"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "2",
        "_score": 0.000009612435,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "organize text using approaches such as full-text search, proper name recognition, clustering, tagging, information extraction, and summarization",
          "num_reviews": 12,
          "title": "Taming Text: How to Find, Organize, and Manipulate It",
          "publish_date": "2013-01-24"
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "bookdb_index",
        "_type": "book",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": 0.0000049185574,
        "_source": {
          "summary": "build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch without having to do complex low-level programming or understand advanced data science algorithms",
          "num_reviews": 18,
          "title": "Elasticsearch in Action",
          "publish_date": "2015-12-03"
        }
      }
    ]
  }

19、Function得分：脚本得分（ Function Score: Script Scoring ）

在内置计分功能不符合您需求的情况下，可以选择指定用于评分的Groovy脚本

在我们的示例中，我们要指定一个考虑到publish_date的脚本，然后再决定考虑多少评论。较新的书籍可能没有这么多的评论，所以他们不应该为此付出“代价”

得分脚本如下所示:

publish_date = doc['publish_date'].value
num_reviews = doc['num_reviews'].value

if (publish_date > Date.parse('yyyy-MM-dd', threshold).getTime()) {
  my_score = Math.log(2.5 + num_reviews)
} else {
  my_score = Math.log(1 + num_reviews)
}
return my_score

要动态使用评分脚本，我们使用script_score参数

GET /bookdb_index/book/_search
{
  "query": {
    "function_score": {
      "query": {
        "multi_match": {
          "query": "search engine",
          "fields": ["title","summary"]
        }
      },
      "functions": [
        {
          "script_score": {
            "script": {
              "params": {
                "threshold": "2015-07-30"
              },  
              "lang": "groovy", 
              "source": "publish_date = doc['publish_date'].value; num_reviews = doc['num_reviews'].value; if (publish_date > Date.parse('yyyy-MM-dd', threshold).getTime()) { return log(2.5 + num_reviews) }; return log(1 + num_reviews);"
            }
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "_source": ["title","summary","publish_date", "num_reviews"]
}

注1：要使用动态脚本，必须为config / elasticsearch.yml文件中的Elasticsearch实例启用它。也可以使用已经存储在Elasticsearch服务器上的脚本。查看 Elasticsearch reference docs 以获取更多信息。
注2： JSON不能包含嵌入的换行符，因此分号用于分隔语句。
原文作者： by Tim Ojo Aug. 05, 16 · Big Data Zone
原文地址：https://dzone.com/articles/23-useful-elasticsearch-example-queries

注意：ES6.3 怎样启用 groovy 脚本？配置未成功
script.allowed_types: inline & script.allowed_contexts: search, update

Java API 实现

Java API 实现上面的查询，代码见 https://github.com/whirlys/elastic-example/tree/master/UsefullESSearchSkill

参考文章：
铭毅天下:[译]你必须知道的23个最有用的Elasticseaerch检索技巧
英文原文：23 Useful Elasticsearch Example Queries

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