Android开机流程
BootLoader
内核运行之前运行的一小段程序，初始化硬件设备，建立空间映射表。Bootloader是一个特殊的独立于内核的程序，是CPU复位后进入操作系统之前执行的一段代码。Bootloader完成由硬件启动到操作系统启动的过渡，从而为操作系统提供基本的运行环境，如初始化CPU、时钟、堆栈、存储器系统等。Bootloader功能类似于PC机的BIOS程序,其代码与CPU芯片的内核结构、具体型号、应用系统的配置及使用的操作系统等因素有关，因此不可能有通用的bootloader,开发时需要用户根据具体情况进行移植。嵌入式Linux系统中常用的Bootloader有armboot、redboot、blob、U-Boot、Bios-lt、Bootldr等，其中U-Boot是当前比较流行，功能比较强大的Bootloader，可以支持多种体系结构，但相对也比较复杂。硬件初始化完成之后，Bootloader将boot.img(kernel + ramdisk(ramdisk.img中主要是存放android启动后第一个用户进程init可执行文件和init.*.rc等相关启动脚本以及sbin目录下的adbd工具从flash上copy到RAM里面，然后CPU执行转向kernel
1，PBL（Primary Boot Loader） 启动时，CPU只开启了第一个核心 CPU Core 0，运行固件在ROM中，这部分是高通写死在芯片中的固件，外部开发人员是无法修改这部份的。
主要功能为： （1）系统安全环境的初始化，以确保后续的XBL中的APPS 能够正常运行。 （2）根据boot gpio的配置选择从什么设备启动操作系统（如 Nand，USB等）。 （3）通过检测GPIO判断是否进入Emergency Download mode，用户可以通过FILE来下载完整的系统镜像。 （4）通过L2 TCM来加载XBL1 ELF，OCIMEM 和 RPM CodeRAM 代码。
2、Extensible boot loader (XBL)
从XBL开始，跑的就是我们编译下载进eMMC/UFS的系统镜像了，在XBL中主要是初始化相关的硬件环境，及代码安全环境。
（1）初始化 Buses、DDR、Clocks、CDT，启动QSEE，QHEE,RPM_FW, XBL core images。 （2）使能memory dump through USB and Sahara（系统死机时memory dump），看门狗，RAM dump to SD support等功能。 （3）初始化 USB驱动，USB充电功能，温升检测，PMIC驱动初始化，和 DDR training模块。
3、XBL core (UEFI or LK，ABL（Android Boot Loader)
XBL core，就是之前的bootloader，主要功能就是初始化display驱动，提供fastboot功能，引导进入HLOS kernel操作系统
注意，在ABL中，同样也只有CPU Core0在工作，其他的CPU核以是在进入HLOS Kernel后才开始初始化启用的
Kernel
Kernel启动分为两个阶段：
\build\android\kernel\msm-4.14\init\main.c
1.内核引导阶段，通常使用汇编语言，kernel/msm-4.19/arch/arm/kernel/head.S和kernel/msm-4.19/arch/arm/kernel/head-common.S。
2.内核启动阶段，引导阶段调用start_kernel()进入启动阶段，/kernel/msm-4.19/init/main.c
启动Kernel的swapper进程(pid=0)：该进程又称为idle进程, 系统初始化过程Kernel由无到有开创的第一个进程, 用于初始化进程管理、内存管理，加载Display,Camera Driver，Binder Driver等相关工作； 启动kthreadd进程（pid=2）：是Linux系统的内核进程，会创建内核工作线程kworkder，软中断线程ksoftirqd，thermal等内核守护进程。kthreadd进程是所有内核进程的鼻祖
main.c：
#include "do_mounts.h"
static int kernel_init(void *);
extern void init_IRQ(void);
extern void fork_init(void);
extern void radix_tree_init(void);
/*
* Debug helper: via this flag we know that we are in 'early bootup code'
* where only the boot processor is running with IRQ disabled. This means
* two things - IRQ must not be enabled before the flag is cleared and some
* operations which are not allowed with IRQ disabled are allowed while the
* flag is set.
*/
bool early_boot_irqs_disabled __read_mostly;
enum system_states system_state __read_mostly;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
/*
* Boot command-line arguments
*/
#define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
#define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
extern void time_init(void);
/* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
void (*__initdata late_time_init)(void);
/* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
/* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
char *saved_command_line;
/* Command line for parameter parsing */
static char *static_command_line;
/* Command line for per-initcall parameter parsing */
static char *initcall_command_line;
static char *execute_command;
static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
/*
* Used to generate warnings if static_key manipulation functions are used
* before jump_label_init is called.
*/
bool static_key_initialized __read_mostly;
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(static_key_initialized);
/*
* If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
* device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
* rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
*
* This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
* For ex. kdump situation where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
* skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
*/
unsigned int reset_devices;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
{
reset_devices = 1;
return 1;
}
__setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
static const char *argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
const char *envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
extern const struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
static bool __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
{
const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
bool had_early_param = false;
p = __setup_start;
do {
int n = strlen(p->str);
if (parameqn(line, p->str, n)) {
if (p->early) {
/* Already done in parse_early_param?
* (Needs exact match on param part).
* Keep iterating, as we can have early
* params and __setups of same names 8( */
if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
had_early_param = true;
} else if (!p->setup_func) {
pr_warn("Parameter %s is obsolete, ignored\n",
p->str);
return true;
} else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
return true;
}
p++;
} while (p < __setup_end);
return had_early_param;
}
/*
* This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
* still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
*/
unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
{
console_loglevel = CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL_DEBUG;
return 0;
}
static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
{
console_loglevel = CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL_QUIET;
return 0;
}
early_param("debug", debug_kernel);
early_param("quiet", quiet_kernel);
static int __init loglevel(char *str)
{
int newlevel;
/*
* Only update loglevel value when a correct setting was passed,
* to prevent blind crashes (when loglevel being set to 0) that
* are quite hard to debug
*/
if (get_option(&str, &newlevel)) {
console_loglevel = newlevel;
return 0;
}
return -EINVAL;
}
early_param("loglevel", loglevel);
/* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
static int __init repair_env_string(char *param, char *val,
const char *unused, void *arg)
{
if (val) {
/* param=val or param="val"? */
if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
val[-1] = '=';
else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
val[-2] = '=';
memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
val--;
} else
BUG();
}
return 0;
}
/* Anything after -- gets handed straight to init. */
static int __init set_init_arg(char *param, char *val,
const char *unused, void *arg)
{
unsigned int i;
if (panic_later)
return 0;
repair_env_string(param, val, unused, NULL);
for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
panic_later = "init";
panic_param = param;
return 0;
}
}
argv_init[i] = param;
return 0;
}
/*
* Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
* unused parameters (modprobe will find them in /proc/cmdline).
*/
static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val,
const char *unused, void *arg)
{
repair_env_string(param, val, unused, NULL);
/* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
return 0;
/* Unused module parameter. */
if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val))
return 0;
if (panic_later)
return 0;
if (val) {
/* Environment option */
unsigned int i;
for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
panic_later = "env";
panic_param = param;
}
if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
break;
}
envp_init[i] = param;
} else {
/* Command line option */
unsigned int i;
for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
panic_later = "init";
panic_param = param;
}
}
argv_init[i] = param;
}
return 0;
}
static int __init init_setup(char *str)
{
unsigned int i;
execute_command = str;
/*
* In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
* it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
* the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
* So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
*/
for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
argv_init[i] = NULL;
return 1;
}
__setup("init=", init_setup);
static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
{
unsigned int i;
ramdisk_execute_command = str;
/* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
argv_init[i] = NULL;
return 1;
}
__setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
#ifndef CONFIG_SMP
static const unsigned int setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
static inline void setup_nr_cpu_ids(void) { }
static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
#endif
/*
* We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
* We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
* parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
* store reference of name/value for future reference.
*/
static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
{
saved_command_line =
memblock_virt_alloc(strlen(boot_command_line) + 1, 0);
initcall_command_line =
memblock_virt_alloc(strlen(boot_command_line) + 1, 0);
static_command_line = memblock_virt_alloc(strlen(command_line) + 1, 0);
strcpy(saved_command_line, boot_command_line);
strcpy(static_command_line, command_line);
}
/*
* We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
* between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
* be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
* cpu_idle.
*
* gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
*/
static __initdata DECLARE_COMPLETION(kthreadd_done);
static noinline void __ref rest_init(void)
{
struct task_struct *tsk;
int pid;
rcu_scheduler_starting();
/*
* We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
* the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
* we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
*/
pid = kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS);
/*
* Pin init on the boot CPU. Task migration is not properly working
* until sched_init_smp() has been run. It will set the allowed
* CPUs for init to the non isolated CPUs.
*/
rcu_read_lock();
tsk = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
set_cpus_allowed_ptr(tsk, cpumask_of(smp_processor_id()));
rcu_read_unlock();
numa_default_policy();
pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
rcu_read_lock();
kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
rcu_read_unlock();
/*
* Enable might_sleep() and smp_processor_id() checks.
* They cannot be enabled earlier because with CONFIG_PRREMPT=y
* kernel_thread() would trigger might_sleep() splats. With
* CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY=y the init task might have scheduled
* already, but it's stuck on the kthreadd_done completion.
*/
system_state = SYSTEM_SCHEDULING;
complete(&kthreadd_done);
/*
* The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
* at least once to get things moving:
*/
schedule_preempt_disabled();
/* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE);
}
/* Check for early params. */
static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val,
const char *unused, void *arg)
{
const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
if ((p->early && parameq(param, p->str)) ||
(strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
) {
if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
pr_warn("Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
}
}
/* We accept everything at this stage. */
return 0;
}
void __init parse_early_options(char *cmdline)
{
parse_args("early options", cmdline, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL,
do_early_param);
}
/* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
void __init parse_early_param(void)
{
static int done __initdata;
static char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE] __initdata;
if (done)
return;
/* All fall through to do_early_param. */
strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
parse_early_options(tmp_cmdline);
done = 1;
}
void __init __weak arch_post_acpi_subsys_init(void) { }
void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void)
{
}
# if THREAD_SIZE >= PAGE_SIZE
void __init __weak thread_stack_cache_init(void)
{
}
#endif
void __init __weak mem_encrypt_init(void) { }
/*
* Set up kernel memory allocators
*/
static void __init mm_init(void)
{
/*
* page_ext requires contiguous pages,
* bigger than MAX_ORDER unless SPARSEMEM.
*/
page_ext_init_flatmem();
mem_init();
kmem_cache_init();
pgtable_init();
vmalloc_init();
ioremap_huge_init();
/* Should be run before the first non-init thread is created */
init_espfix_bsp();
/* Should be run after espfix64 is set up. */
pti_init();
}
asmlinkage __visible void __init start_kernel(void)
{
char *command_line;
char *after_dashes;
set_task_stack_end_magic(&init_task);
smp_setup_processor_id();
debug_objects_early_init();
cgroup_init_early();
local_irq_disable();
early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;
/*
* Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
* enable them.
*/
boot_cpu_init();
page_address_init();
pr_notice("%s", linux_banner);
setup_arch(&command_line);
/*
* Set up the the initial canary and entropy after arch
* and after adding latent and command line entropy.
*/
add_latent_entropy();
add_device_randomness(command_line, strlen(command_line));
boot_init_stack_canary();
mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);
setup_command_line(command_line);
setup_nr_cpu_ids();
setup_per_cpu_areas();
smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
boot_cpu_hotplug_init();
build_all_zonelists(NULL);
page_alloc_init();
pr_notice("Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
parse_early_param();
after_dashes = parse_args("Booting kernel",
static_command_line, __start___param,
__stop___param - __start___param,
-1, -1, NULL, &unknown_bootoption);
if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(after_dashes))
parse_args("Setting init args", after_dashes, NULL, 0, -1, -1,
NULL, set_init_arg);
jump_label_init();
/*
* These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
* kmem_cache_init()
*/
setup_log_buf(0);
pidhash_init();
vfs_caches_init_early();
sort_main_extable();
trap_init();
mm_init();
ftrace_init();
/* trace_printk can be enabled here */
early_trace_init();
/*
* Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
* timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
* time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
*/
sched_init();
/*
* Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
* fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
*/
preempt_disable();
if (WARN(!irqs_disabled(),
"Interrupts were enabled *very* early, fixing it\n"))
local_irq_disable();
radix_tree_init();
/*
* Allow workqueue creation and work item queueing/cancelling
* early. Work item execution depends on kthreads and starts after
* workqueue_init().
*/
workqueue_init_early();
rcu_init();
/* Trace events are available after this */
trace_init();
context_tracking_init();
/* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
early_irq_init();
init_IRQ();
tick_init();
rcu_init_nohz();
init_timers();
hrtimers_init();
softirq_init();
timekeeping_init();
time_init();
sched_clock_postinit();
printk_safe_init();
perf_event_init();
profile_init();
call_function_init();
WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled early\n");
early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
local_irq_enable();
kmem_cache_init_late();
/*
* HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
* we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
* this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
*/
console_init();
if (panic_later)
panic("Too many boot %s vars at `%s'", panic_later,
panic_param);
lockdep_info();
/*
* Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
* to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
* too:
*/
locking_selftest();
/*
* This needs to be called before any devices perform DMA
* operations that might use the SWIOTLB bounce buffers. It will
* mark the bounce buffers as decrypted so that their usage will
* not cause "plain-text" data to be decrypted when accessed.
*/
mem_encrypt_init();
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
pr_crit("initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - disabling it.\n",
page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
min_low_pfn);
initrd_start = 0;
}
#endif
kmemleak_init();
debug_objects_mem_init();
setup_per_cpu_pageset();
numa_policy_init();
if (late_time_init)
late_time_init();
calibrate_delay();
pidmap_init();
anon_vma_init();
acpi_early_init();
#ifdef CONFIG_X86
if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES))
efi_enter_virtual_mode();
#endif
thread_stack_cache_init();
cred_init();
fork_init();
proc_caches_init();
buffer_init();
key_init();
security_init();
dbg_late_init();
vfs_caches_init();
pagecache_init();
signals_init();
proc_root_init();
nsfs_init();
cpuset_init();
cgroup_init();
taskstats_init_early();
delayacct_init();
check_bugs();
acpi_subsystem_init();
arch_post_acpi_subsys_init();
sfi_init_late();
if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES)) {
efi_free_boot_services();
}
/* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
rest_init();
}
/* Call all constructor functions linked into the kernel. */
static void __init do_ctors(void)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS
ctor_fn_t *fn = (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_start;
for (; fn < (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_end; fn++)
(*fn)();
#endif
}
bool initcall_debug;
core_param(initcall_debug, initcall_debug, bool, 0644);
#ifdef CONFIG_KALLSYMS
struct blacklist_entry {
struct list_head next;
char *buf;
};
static __initdata_or_module LIST_HEAD(blacklisted_initcalls);
static int __init initcall_blacklist(char *str)
{
char *str_entry;
struct blacklist_entry *entry;
/* str argument is a comma-separated list of functions */
do {
str_entry = strsep(&str, ",");
if (str_entry) {
pr_debug("blacklisting initcall %s\n", str_entry);
entry = alloc_bootmem(sizeof(*entry));
entry->buf = alloc_bootmem(strlen(str_entry) + 1);
strcpy(entry->buf, str_entry);
list_add(&entry->next, &blacklisted_initcalls);
}
} while (str_entry);
return 0;
}
static bool __init_or_module initcall_blacklisted(initcall_t fn)
{
struct blacklist_entry *entry;
char fn_name[KSYM_SYMBOL_LEN];
unsigned long addr;
if (list_empty(&blacklisted_initcalls))
return false;
addr = (unsigned long) dereference_function_descriptor(fn);
sprint_symbol_no_offset(fn_name, addr);
/*
* fn will be "function_name [module_name]" where [module_name] is not
* displayed for built-in init functions. Strip off the [module_name].
*/
strreplace(fn_name, ' ', '\0');
list_for_each_entry(entry, &blacklisted_initcalls, next) {
if (!strcmp(fn_name, entry->buf)) {
pr_debug("initcall %s blacklisted\n", fn_name);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
#else
static int __init initcall_blacklist(char *str)
{
pr_warn("initcall_blacklist requires CONFIG_KALLSYMS\n");
return 0;
}
static bool __init_or_module initcall_blacklisted(initcall_t fn)
{
return false;
}
#endif
__setup("initcall_blacklist=", initcall_blacklist);
static int __init_or_module do_one_initcall_debug(initcall_t fn)
{
ktime_t calltime, delta, rettime;
unsigned long long duration;
int ret;
printk(KERN_DEBUG "calling %pF @ %i\n", fn, task_pid_nr(current));
calltime = ktime_get();
ret = fn();
rettime = ktime_get();
delta = ktime_sub(rettime, calltime);
duration = (unsigned long long) ktime_to_ns(delta) >> 10;
printk(KERN_DEBUG "initcall %pF returned %d after %lld usecs\n",
fn, ret, duration);
return ret;
}
int __init_or_module do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
{
int count = preempt_count();
int ret;
char msgbuf[64];
if (initcall_blacklisted(fn))
return -EPERM;
if (initcall_debug)
ret = do_one_initcall_debug(fn);
else
ret = fn();
msgbuf[0] = 0;
if (preempt_count() != count) {
sprintf(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ");
preempt_count_set(count);
}
if (irqs_disabled()) {
strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));
local_irq_enable();
}
WARN(msgbuf[0], "initcall %pF returned with %s\n", fn, msgbuf);
add_latent_entropy();
return ret;
}
extern initcall_t __initcall_start[];
extern initcall_t __initcall0_start[];
extern initcall_t __initcall1_start[];
extern initcall_t __initcall2_start[];
extern initcall_t __initcall3_start[];
extern initcall_t __initcall4_start[];
extern initcall_t __initcall5_start[];
extern initcall_t __initcall6_start[];
extern initcall_t __initcall7_start[];
extern initcall_t __initcall_end[];
static initcall_t *initcall_levels[] __initdata = {
__initcall0_start,
__initcall1_start,
__initcall2_start,
__initcall3_start,
__initcall4_start,
__initcall5_start,
__initcall6_start,
__initcall7_start,
__initcall_end,
};
/* Keep these in sync with initcalls in include/linux/init.h */
static char *initcall_level_names[] __initdata = {
"early",
"core",
"postcore",
"arch",
"subsys",
"fs",
"device",
"late",
};
static void __init do_initcall_level(int level)
{
initcall_t *fn;
strcpy(initcall_command_line, saved_command_line);
parse_args(initcall_level_names[level],
initcall_command_line, __start___param,
__stop___param - __start___param,
level, level,
NULL, &repair_env_string);
for (fn = initcall_levels[level]; fn < initcall_levels[level+1]; fn++)
do_one_initcall(*fn);
}
static void __init do_initcalls(void)
{
int level;
for (level = 0; level < ARRAY_SIZE(initcall_levels) - 1; level++)
do_initcall_level(level);
}
/*
* Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
* have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
* running, and memory and process management works.
*
* Now we can finally start doing some real work..
*/
static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
{
cpuset_init_smp();
shmem_init();
driver_init();
init_irq_proc();
do_ctors();
usermodehelper_enable();
do_initcalls();
}
static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
{
initcall_t *fn;
for (fn = __initcall_start; fn < __initcall0_start; fn++)
do_one_initcall(*fn);
}
/*
* This function requests modules which should be loaded by default and is
* called twice right after initrd is mounted and right before init is
* exec'd. If such modules are on either initrd or rootfs, they will be
* loaded before control is passed to userland.
*/
void __init load_default_modules(void)
{
load_default_elevator_module();
}
static int run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
{
argv_init[0] = init_filename;
return do_execve(getname_kernel(init_filename),
(const char __user *const __user *)argv_init,
(const char __user *const __user *)envp_init);
}
static int try_to_run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
{
int ret;
ret = run_init_process(init_filename);
if (ret && ret != -ENOENT) {
pr_err("Starting init: %s exists but couldn't execute it (error %d)\n",
init_filename, ret);
}
return ret;
}
static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void);
#if defined(CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX) || defined(CONFIG_STRICT_MODULE_RWX)
bool rodata_enabled __ro_after_init = true;
static int __init set_debug_rodata(char *str)
{
return strtobool(str, &rodata_enabled);
}
__setup("rodata=", set_debug_rodata);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX
static void mark_readonly(void)
{
if (rodata_enabled) {
/*
* load_module() results in W+X mappings, which are cleaned up
* with call_rcu_sched(). Let's make sure that queued work is
* flushed so that we don't hit false positives looking for
* insecure pages which are W+X.
*/
rcu_barrier_sched();
mark_rodata_ro();
rodata_test();
} else
pr_info("Kernel memory protection disabled.\n");
}
#else
static inline void mark_readonly(void)
{
pr_warn("This architecture does not have kernel memory protection.\n");
}
#endif
static int __ref kernel_init(void *unused)
{
int ret;
#ifdef CONFIG_EARLY_SERVICES
int status = 0;
#endif
kernel_init_freeable();
/* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
async_synchronize_full();
ftrace_free_init_mem();
free_initmem();
mark_readonly();
system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
numa_default_policy();
rcu_end_inkernel_boot();
place_marker("M - DRIVER Kernel Boot Done");
#ifdef CONFIG_EARLY_SERVICES
status = get_early_services_status();
if (status) {
struct kstat stat;
/* Wait for early services SE policy load completion signal */
while (vfs_stat("/dev/sedone", &stat) != 0);
}
#endif
if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
ret = run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
if (!ret)
return 0;
pr_err("Failed to execute %s (error %d)\n",
ramdisk_execute_command, ret);
}
/*
* We try each of these until one succeeds.
*
* The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
* trying to recover a really broken machine.
*/
if (execute_command) {
ret = run_init_process(execute_command);
if (!ret)
return 0;
panic("Requested init %s failed (error %d).",
execute_command, ret);
}
if (!try_to_run_init_process("/sbin/init") ||
!try_to_run_init_process("/etc/init") ||
!try_to_run_init_process("/bin/init") ||
!try_to_run_init_process("/bin/sh"))
return 0;
panic("No working init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. "
"See Linux Documentation/admin-guide/init.rst for guidance.");
}
static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void)
{
/*
* Wait until kthreadd is all set-up.
*/
wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done);
/* Now the scheduler is fully set up and can do blocking allocations */
gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK;
/*
* init can allocate pages on any node
*/
set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_MEMORY]);
cad_pid = task_pid(current);
smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
workqueue_init();
init_mm_internals();
do_pre_smp_initcalls();
lockup_detector_init();
smp_init();
sched_init_smp();
page_alloc_init_late();
/* Initialize page ext after all struct pages are initialized. */
page_ext_init();
do_basic_setup();
/* Open the /dev/console on the rootfs, this should never fail */
if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
pr_err("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
(void) sys_dup(0);
(void) sys_dup(0);
/*
* check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
* the work
*/
if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
prepare_namespace();
}
launch_early_services();
/*
* Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
* we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
* initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
*
* rootfs is available now, try loading the public keys
* and default modules
*/
integrity_load_keys();
load_default_modules();
}
start_kernel()：
在kernel进入c语言阶段后，会开始执行start_kernel函数，它负责进行kernel正式运行前各个功能的初始化：打印了一些信息、内核工作需要的模块的初始化被依次调用（譬如内存管理、调度系统、驱动的加载），最后末尾调用了一个rest_init函数启动了三个进程（idle、kernel_init、kthreadd），来开启操作系统的正式运行
asmlinkage __visible void __init start_kernel(void)
{
char *command_line;
char *after_dashes;
set_task_stack_end_magic(&init_task);
smp_setup_processor_id();
debug_objects_early_init();
cgroup_init_early();
local_irq_disable();
early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;
/*
* Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
* enable them.
*/
boot_cpu_init();
page_address_init();
pr_notice("%s", linux_banner);
setup_arch(&command_line);
/*
* Set up the the initial canary and entropy after arch
* and after adding latent and command line entropy.
*/
add_latent_entropy();
add_device_randomness(command_line, strlen(command_line));
boot_init_stack_canary();
mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);
setup_command_line(command_line);
setup_nr_cpu_ids();
setup_per_cpu_areas();
smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
boot_cpu_hotplug_init();
build_all_zonelists(NULL);
page_alloc_init();
pr_notice("Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
parse_early_param();
after_dashes = parse_args("Booting kernel",
static_command_line, __start___param,
__stop___param - __start___param,
-1, -1, NULL, &unknown_bootoption);
if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(after_dashes))
parse_args("Setting init args", after_dashes, NULL, 0, -1, -1,
NULL, set_init_arg);
jump_label_init();
/*
* These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
* kmem_cache_init()
*/
setup_log_buf(0);
pidhash_init();
vfs_caches_init_early();
sort_main_extable();
trap_init();
mm_init();
ftrace_init();
/* trace_printk can be enabled here */
early_trace_init();
/*
* Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
* timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
* time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
*/
sched_init();
/*
* Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
* fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
*/
preempt_disable();
if (WARN(!irqs_disabled(),
"Interrupts were enabled *very* early, fixing it\n"))
local_irq_disable();
radix_tree_init();
/*
* Allow workqueue creation and work item queueing/cancelling
* early. Work item execution depends on kthreads and starts after
* workqueue_init().
*/
workqueue_init_early();
rcu_init();
/* Trace events are available after this */
trace_init();
context_tracking_init();
/* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
early_irq_init();
init_IRQ();
tick_init();
rcu_init_nohz();
init_timers();
hrtimers_init();
softirq_init();
timekeeping_init();
time_init();
sched_clock_postinit();
printk_safe_init();
perf_event_init();
profile_init();
call_function_init();
WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled early\n");
early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
local_irq_enable();
kmem_cache_init_late();
/*
* HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
* we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
* this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
*/
console_init();
if (panic_later)
panic("Too many boot %s vars at `%s'", panic_later,
panic_param);
lockdep_info();
/*
* Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
* to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
* too:
*/
locking_selftest();
/*
* This needs to be called before any devices perform DMA
* operations that might use the SWIOTLB bounce buffers. It will
* mark the bounce buffers as decrypted so that their usage will
* not cause "plain-text" data to be decrypted when accessed.
*/
mem_encrypt_init();
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
pr_crit("initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - disabling it.\n",
page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
min_low_pfn);
initrd_start = 0;
}
#endif
kmemleak_init();
debug_objects_mem_init();
setup_per_cpu_pageset();
numa_policy_init();
if (late_time_init)
late_time_init();
calibrate_delay();
pidmap_init();
anon_vma_init();
acpi_early_init();
#ifdef CONFIG_X86
if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES))
efi_enter_virtual_mode();
#endif
thread_stack_cache_init();
cred_init();
fork_init();
proc_caches_init();
buffer_init();
key_init();
security_init();
dbg_late_init();
vfs_caches_init();
pagecache_init();
signals_init();
proc_root_init();
nsfs_init();
cpuset_init();
cgroup_init();
taskstats_init_early();
delayacct_init();
check_bugs();
acpi_subsystem_init();
arch_post_acpi_subsys_init();
sfi_init_late();
if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES)) {
efi_free_boot_services();
}
/* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
rest_init(); //最后调用rest_init()启动三个进程（idle,kernel_init,kthreadd）来开启操作系统
idle是操作系统的空闲进程，当cpu空闲的时候会去运行它,资源利用管理，执行低优化优先级任务
ktheadd是内核线程管理，初始化线程
rest_init()：
static noinline void __ref rest_init(void)
{
struct task_struct *tsk;
int pid;
rcu_scheduler_starting();
/*
* We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
* the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
* we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
*/
pid = kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS);
/*
* Pin init on the boot CPU. Task migration is not properly working
* until sched_init_smp() has been run. It will set the allowed
* CPUs for init to the non isolated CPUs.
*/
rcu_read_lock();
tsk = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
set_cpus_allowed_ptr(tsk, cpumask_of(smp_processor_id()));
rcu_read_unlock();
numa_default_policy();
pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
rcu_read_lock();
kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
rcu_read_unlock();
/*
* Enable might_sleep() and smp_processor_id() checks.
* They cannot be enabled earlier because with CONFIG_PRREMPT=y
* kernel_thread() would trigger might_sleep() splats. With
* CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY=y the init task might have scheduled
* already, but it's stuck on the kthreadd_done completion.
*/
system_state = SYSTEM_SCHEDULING;
complete(&kthreadd_done);
/*
* The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
* at least once to get things moving:
*/
schedule_preempt_disabled();
/* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE);
}
kernel_init()：
kernel_init最开始只是一个函数，这个函数作为进程被启动，但是之后它将读取根文件系统下的init程序，这个操作将完成从内核态到用户态的转变，而这个init进程是所有用户态进程的父进程，它生了大量的子进程，所以init进程将永远存在，其PID是1。
static int __ref kernel_init(void *unused)
{
int ret;
#ifdef CONFIG_EARLY_SERVICES
int status = 0;
#endif
kernel_init_freeable();
/* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
async_synchronize_full();
ftrace_free_init_mem();
free_initmem();
mark_readonly();
system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
numa_default_policy();
rcu_end_inkernel_boot();
place_marker("M - DRIVER Kernel Boot Done");
#ifdef CONFIG_EARLY_SERVICES
status = get_early_services_status();
if (status) {
struct kstat stat;
/* Wait for early services SE policy load completion signal */
while (vfs_stat("/dev/sedone", &stat) != 0);
}
#endif
if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
ret = run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
if (!ret)
return 0;
pr_err("Failed to execute %s (error %d)\n",
ramdisk_execute_command, ret);
}
/*
* We try each of these until one succeeds.
*
* The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
* trying to recover a really broken machine.
*/
if (execute_command) {
ret = run_init_process(execute_command);
if (!ret)
return 0;
panic("Requested init %s failed (error %d).",
execute_command, ret);
}
if (!try_to_run_init_process("/sbin/init") ||
!try_to_run_init_process("/etc/init") ||
!try_to_run_init_process("/bin/init") ||
!try_to_run_init_process("/bin/sh"))
return 0;
panic("No working init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. "
"See Linux Documentation/admin-guide/init.rst for guidance.");
}
do_basic_setup()：
初始化设备，驱动等
static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
{
cpuset_init_smp();
shmem_init();
driver_init();
init_irq_proc();
do_ctors();
usermodehelper_enable();
do_initcalls();
}
numa_default_policy()：
开启MMU，建立页表
void numa_default_policy(void)
{
do_set_mempolicy(MPOL_DEFAULT, 0, NULL);
}
/* Set the process memory policy 设置进程内存策略*/
static long do_set_mempolicy(unsigned short mode, unsigned short flags,
nodemask_t *nodes)
{
struct mempolicy *new, *old;
NODEMASK_SCRATCH(scratch);
int ret;
if (!scratch)
return -ENOMEM;
new = mpol_new(mode, flags, nodes);
if (IS_ERR(new)) {
ret = PTR_ERR(new);
goto out;
}
task_lock(current);
ret = mpol_set_nodemask(new, nodes, scratch);
if (ret) {
task_unlock(current);
mpol_put(new);
goto out;
}
old = current->mempolicy;
current->mempolicy = new;
if (new && new->mode == MPOL_INTERLEAVE)
current->il_prev = MAX_NUMNODES-1;
task_unlock(current);
mpol_put(old);
ret = 0;
out:
NODEMASK_SCRATCH_FREE(scratch);
return ret;
}
run_init_process()：
启动init进程
static int run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
{
argv_init[0] = init_filename;
return do_execve(getname_kernel(init_filename),
(const char __user *const __user *)argv_init,
(const char __user *const __user *)envp_init);
}
try_to_run_init_process()：
static int try_to_run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
{
int ret;
ret = run_init_process(init_filename);
if (ret && ret != -ENOENT) {
pr_err("Starting init: %s exists but couldn't execute it (error %d)\n",
init_filename, ret);
}
return ret;
}
