概述

Java 集合框架主要包括两种类型的容器，一种是集合（Collection），存储一个元素集合，另一种是图（Map），存储键/值对映射。

集合中都包含：接口、实现、算法。比如，Collection接口有三个子类型：Set、List、Queue，下面是抽象类，然后是具体的实现类。

Collection
- Set
  - TreeSet
  - HashSet
  - LinkedHashSet
- List
  - ArrayList
  - Vector
  - LinkedList
- Queue
  - LinkedList
  - PriorityQueue
Map
- TreeMap
- HashMap
- HashTable
- LinkedHashMap

一、ArrayList

ArrayList实现了List接口，是一个顺序容器，即元素存放的数据与放进去的顺序相同，允许放入null元素，底层通过数组实现。

底层数据结构

Object[] elementData：存储 ArrayList 元素的数组缓冲区。 ArrayList 的容量就是这个数组缓冲区的长度。当添加第一个元素时，任何具有 elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA 的空 ArrayList 都将扩展为 DEFAULT_CAPACITY。

int size：ArrayList 的大小（它包含的元素数量）。

/**
     * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
     * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
     * empty ArrayList with elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
     * will be expanded to DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
     */
    transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access

    /**
     * The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private int size;

其他属性

private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;

/**
 * Default initial capacity.
 */
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;

/**
 * Shared empty array instance used for empty instances.
 */
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

/**
 * Shared empty array instance used for default sized empty instances. We
 * distinguish this from EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA to know how much to inflate when
 * first element is added.
 */
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

long serialVersionUID：用于在序列化和反序列化过程中进行核验的一个版本号

int DEFAULT_CAPACITY：默认初始容量。

Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA：用于空实例的共享空数组实例。

Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA：用于默认大小的空实例的共享空数组实例。我们将其与 EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA 区分开来，以了解添加第一个元素时要膨胀多少。

构造函数

/**
 * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
 *
 * @param  initialCapacity  the initial capacity of the list
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
 *         is negative
 */
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
    if (initialCapacity > 0) {
        this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
    } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
        this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    } else {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                           initialCapacity);
    }
}

/**
 * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
 */
public ArrayList() {
    this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}

/**
 * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
 * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
 * iterator.
 *
 * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
    Object[] a = c.toArray();
    if ((size = a.length) != 0) {
        if (c.getClass() == ArrayList.class) {
            elementData = a;
        } else {
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(a, size, Object[].class);
        }
    } else {
        // replace with empty array.
        elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }
}

自动扩容

每次向数组中添加元素前，都会检查添加后元素的个数是否会超过当前数组容量，若超过，数组将进行扩容，即将老数组中的元素重新拷贝一份到新的数组中，每次数组容量的增长大约是其原容量的1.5倍。在 ArrayList 中，数组扩容通过一个 public 的方法 ensureCapacity 增加此 ArrayList 实例的容量，以确保它至少可以容纳最小容量参数指定的元素数量。

/**
 * Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if
 * necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
 * specified by the minimum capacity argument.
 *
 * @param   minCapacity   the desired minimum capacity
 */
public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
    int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
        // any size if not default element table
        ? 0
        // larger than default for default empty table. It's already
        // supposed to be at default size.
        : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;

    if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
        ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
    }
}

private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) {
    if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
        return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
    }
    return minCapacity;
}

private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
    ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity));
}

private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
    modCount++;

    // overflow-conscious code
    if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
        grow(minCapacity);
}

由于数组扩容的代价很高，实际使用过程中我们应该尽量避免数组容量的扩张。可根据实际需求，在构造 ArrayList 实例时我们可以通过调用 ensureCapacity 方法来手动增加 ArrayList 实例的容量，以避免数组扩容的发生。

ArrayList的操作

存储：ArrayList提供了set(int index, E element)、add(E e)、add(int index, E element)、addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)、addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)这些添加元素的方法。

set(int index, E element) 直接对数组的指定位置赋值

public E set(int index, E element) {
    rangeCheck(index); //下标越界检查

    E oldValue = elementData(index);
    elementData[index] = element; //赋值到指定位置，复制的仅仅是引用
    return oldValue;
}

add(E e) 将指定元素附加到此列表的末尾，实现的 Collection.add

public boolean add(E e) {
    ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
    elementData[size++] = e;
    return true;
}

add(int index, E element)：在此列表中的指定位置插入指定元素。将当前位于该位置的元素（如果有）和任何后续元素向右移动（将其索引加一）。

public void add(int index, E element) {
    rangeCheckForAdd(index);

    ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
    System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                     size - index);
    elementData[index] = element;
    size++;
}

addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)：按照指定集合的迭代器返回的顺序，将指定集合中的所有元素附加到此列表的末尾。如果在操作正在进行时修改了指定的集合，则此操作的行为是未定义的。（这意味着如果指定的集合是这个列表，并且这个列表是非空的，那么这个调用的行为是未定义的。）参数：c - 包含要添加到此列表的元素的集合。返回：如果此列表因调用而更改，则为 true。

public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
    Object[] a = c.toArray();
    int numNew = a.length;
    ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount
    System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
    size += numNew;
    return numNew != 0;
}

addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)：将指定集合中的所有元素插入此列表，从指定位置开始。将当前位于该位置的元素（如果有）和任何后续元素向右移动（增加它们的索引）。新元素将按照指定集合的迭代器返回的顺序出现在列表中。参数：index – 插入指定集合中第一个元素的索引，c - 包含要添加到此列表的元素的集合。返回：如果此列表因调用而更改，则为 true。

public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
    rangeCheckForAdd(index);

    Object[] a = c.toArray();
    int numNew = a.length;
    ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount

    int numMoved = size - index;
    if (numMoved > 0)
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
                         numMoved);

    System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
    size += numNew;
    return numNew != 0;
}

注意，add()和addAll()这两个方法都是向容器中添加新元素，这可能会导致capacity不足，因此在添加元素之前，都需要进行剩余空间检查，如果需要则自动扩容。扩容操作最终是通过grow()方法完成的。

读取：get。

get(int index)：返回此列表中指定位置的元素。唯一要注意的是由于底层数组是Object[]，得到元素后需要进行类型转换。

public E get(int index) {
    rangeCheck(index);

    return (E) elementData(index); //注意类型转换
}

删除：ArrayList提供了根据下标或者指定对象两种方式的删除功能。remove()方法有两个版本，一个是remove(int index)删除指定位置的元素，另一个是remove(Object o)删除第一个满足o.equals(elementData[index])的元素。删除操作是add()操作的逆过程，需要将删除点之后的元素向前移动一个位置。需要注意的是为了让GC起作用，必须显式的为最后一个位置赋null值。

public E remove(int index) {
    rangeCheck(index);
    modCount++;
    E oldValue = elementData(index);
    int numMoved = size - index - 1;
    if (numMoved > 0)
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, numMoved);
    elementData[--size] = null; //清除该位置的引用，让GC起作用
    return oldValue;
}

注意：关于Java GC这里需要特别说明一下，有了垃圾收集器并不意味着一定不会有内存泄漏。对象能否被GC的依据是是否还有引用指向它，上面代码中如果不手动赋null值，除非对应的位置被其他元素覆盖，否则原来的对象就一直不会被回收。

Fail-Fast机制

ArrayList也采用了快速失败的机制，通过记录modCount参数来实现。在面对并发的修改时，迭代器很快就会完全失败，而不是冒着在将来某个不确定时间发生任意不确定行为的风险。

二、LinkedList

public class LinkedList<E>
    extends AbstractSequentialList<E>
    implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

LinkedList 同时实现了 List 接口、Deque 和 Serializable 接口，也就是说它同时支持队列，克隆和序列化操作。既可以看作一个顺序容器，又可以看作一个队列(Queue)，同时又可以看作一个栈(Stack)。与 ArrayList 一样，允许 null 元素的存在，且是不支持多线程的。

底层数据结构

int size：LinkedList 的大小。

Node<E> first：链表的头结点。

Node<E> last：链表的尾结点。

其中 Node 为节点对象，是内部的私有类，定义了存储的数据元素，前一个节点和后一个节点，典型的双链表结构。

transient int size = 0;

/**
 * Pointer to first node.
 * Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||
 *            (first.prev == null && first.item != null)
 */
transient Node<E> first;

/**
 * Pointer to last node.
 * Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||
 *            (last.next == null && last.item != null)
 */
transient Node<E> last;

private static class Node<E> {
    E item;
    Node<E> next;
    Node<E> prev;

    Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
        this.item = element;
        this.next = next;
        this.prev = prev;
    }
}

构造函数

/**
 * Constructs an empty list. 仅仅构造一个空的列表，没有任何元素。size = 0。first 和 last 都为 null。
 */
public LinkedList() {
}

/**
 * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
 * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
 * iterator.
 *
 * @param  c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
    this();
    addAll(c);
}

LinkedList() 仅仅构造一个空的列表，没有任何元素。size = 0。first 和 last 都为 null。后一个构造方法构造一个包含指定 Collection 中所有元素的列表，该构造方法首先会调用空的构造方法，然后通过 addAll() 的方式把 Collection 中的所有元素添加进去。

/**
 * Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
 * this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified
 * collection's iterator.  The behavior of this operation is undefined if
 * the specified collection is modified while the operation is in
 * progress.  (Note that this will occur if the specified collection is
 * this list, and it's nonempty.)
 *
 * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
 * @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
    return addAll(size, c);
}

/**
 * Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
 * list, starting at the specified position.  Shifts the element
 * currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
 * the right (increases their indices).  The new elements will appear
 * in the list in the order that they are returned by the
 * specified collection's iterator.
 *
 * @param index index at which to insert the first element
 *              from the specified collection
 * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
 * @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
    checkPositionIndex(index); // 检查 index 是否越界

    Object[] a = c.toArray(); // 将 collection 转换成数组
    int numNew = a.length;
    if (numNew == 0)
        return false;

    Node<E> pred, succ;
    if (index == size) {
        succ = null;
        pred = last;
    } else {
        succ = node(index);
        pred = succ.prev;
    }
    // 遍历数组，将数组里面的元素创建为节点，并按照顺序连起来
    for (Object o : a) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) o;
        Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, null);
        if (pred == null)
            first = newNode;
        else
            pred.next = newNode;
        pred = newNode;
    }

    if (succ == null) {
        last = pred;
    } else {
        pred.next = succ;
        succ.prev = pred;
    }

    size += numNew; // 修改当前的节点个数 size 的值
    modCount++; // 操作次数 modCount 自增 1
    return true;
}

LinkedList的操作

getFirst(), getLast()，获取第一个元素，和获取最后一个元素：

/**
 * Returns the first element in this list.
 *
 * @return the first element in this list
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
 */
public E getFirst() {
    final Node<E> f = first;
    if (f == null)
        throw new NoSuchElementException();
    return f.item;
}

/**
 * Returns the last element in this list.
 *
 * @return the last element in this list
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
 */
public E getLast() {
    final Node<E> l = last;
    if (l == null)
        throw new NoSuchElementException();
    return l.item;
}

removeFirst(), removeLast(), remove(e), remove(index)

/**
 * Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list.
 *
 * @return the head of this list
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
 * @since 1.5
 */
public E remove() {
    return removeFirst();
}

/**
 * Removes and returns the first element from this list.
 *
 * @return the first element from this list
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
 */
public E removeFirst() {
    final Node<E> f = first;
    if (f == null)
        throw new NoSuchElementException();
    return unlinkFirst(f);
}

/**
 * Removes and returns the last element from this list.
 *
 * @return the last element from this list
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
 */
public E removeLast() {
    final Node<E> l = last;
    if (l == null)
        throw new NoSuchElementException();
    return unlinkLast(l);
}

add(E e)：在LinkedList的末尾插入元素，因为有last指向链表末尾，在末尾插入元素的花费是常数时间。只需要简单修改几个相关引用即可。 add(int index, E element)：在指定下表处插入元素，需要先通过线性查找找到具体位置，然后修改相关引用完成插入操作。

/**
 * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
 *
 * @param e element to be appended to this list
 * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
 */
public boolean add(E e) {
    linkLast(e);
    return true;
}

/**
 * Links e as last element.
 */
void linkLast(E e) {
    final Node<E> l = last;
    final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
    last = newNode;
    if (l == null)
        first = newNode;
    else
        l.next = newNode;
    size++;
    modCount++;
}

/**
 * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
 * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any
 * subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
 *
 * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
 * @param element element to be inserted
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
public void add(int index, E element) {
    checkPositionIndex(index);

    if (index == size)
        linkLast(element);
    else
        linkBefore(element, node(index));
}

上面代码中的node(int index)函数有一点小小的trick，因为链表双向的，可以从开始往后找，也可以从结尾往前找，具体朝那个方向找取决于条件index < (size >> 1)，也即是index是靠近前端还是后端。从这里也可以看出，linkedList通过index检索元素的效率没有arrayList高。

/**
 * Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
 */
Node<E> node(int index) {
    // assert isElementIndex(index);

    if (index < (size >> 1)) {
        Node<E> x = first;
        for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
            x = x.next;
        return x;
    } else {
        Node<E> x = last;
        for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
            x = x.prev;
        return x;
    }
}

addAll(index, c) 实现方式并不是直接调用add(index,e)来实现，主要是因为效率的问题，另一个是fail-fast中modCount只会增加1次

/**
 * Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
 * this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified
 * collection's iterator.  The behavior of this operation is undefined if
 * the specified collection is modified while the operation is in
 * progress.  (Note that this will occur if the specified collection is
 * this list, and it's nonempty.)
 *
 * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
 * @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
    return addAll(size, c);
}

/**
 * Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
 * list, starting at the specified position.  Shifts the element
 * currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
 * the right (increases their indices).  The new elements will appear
 * in the list in the order that they are returned by the
 * specified collection's iterator.
 *
 * @param index index at which to insert the first element
 *              from the specified collection
 * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
 * @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
    checkPositionIndex(index);

    Object[] a = c.toArray();
    int numNew = a.length;
    if (numNew == 0)
        return false;

    Node<E> pred, succ;
    if (index == size) {
        succ = null;
        pred = last;
    } else {
        succ = node(index);
        pred = succ.prev;
    }

    for (Object o : a) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) o;
        Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, null);
        if (pred == null)
            first = newNode;
        else
            pred.next = newNode;
        pred = newNode;
    }

    if (succ == null) {
        last = pred;
    } else {
        pred.next = succ;
        succ.prev = pred;
    }

    size += numNew;
    modCount++;
    return true;
}

clear()：为了让GC更快可以回收放置的元素，需要将node之间的引用关系赋空。

/**
 * Removes all of the elements from this list.
 * The list will be empty after this call returns.
 */
public void clear() {
    // Clearing all of the links between nodes is "unnecessary", but:
    // - helps a generational GC if the discarded nodes inhabit
    //   more than one generation
    // - is sure to free memory even if there is a reachable Iterator
    for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; ) {
        Node<E> next = x.next;
        x.item = null;
        x.next = null;
        x.prev = null;
        x = next;
    }
    first = last = null;
    size = 0;
    modCount++;
}

indexOf(Object o)：查找第一次出现的index, 如果找不到返回-1

/**
 * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
 * in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
 * More formally, returns the lowest index {@code i} such that
 * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
 * or -1 if there is no such index.
 *
 * @param o element to search for
 * @return the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in
 *         this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element
 */
public int indexOf(Object o) {
    int index = 0;
    if (o == null) {
        for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
            if (x.item == null)
                return index;
            index++;
        }
    } else {
        for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
            if (o.equals(x.item))
                return index;
            index++;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

lastIndexOf(Object o)：查找最后一次出现的index, 如果找不到返回-1

/**
 * Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
 * in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
 * More formally, returns the highest index {@code i} such that
 * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
 * or -1 if there is no such index.
 *
 * @param o element to search for
 * @return the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in
 *         this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element
 */
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
    int index = size;
    if (o == null) {
        for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
            index--;
            if (x.item == null)
                return index;
        }
    } else {
        for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
            index--;
            if (o.equals(x.item))
                return index;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

Queue 方法：

/**
 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head (first element) of this list.
 *
 * @return the head of this list, or {@code null} if this list is empty
 * @since 1.5
 */
public E peek() {
    final Node<E> f = first;
    return (f == null) ? null : f.item;
}

/**
 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head (first element) of this list.
 *
 * @return the head of this list
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
 * @since 1.5
 */
public E element() {
    return getFirst();
}

/**
 * Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list.
 *
 * @return the head of this list, or {@code null} if this list is empty
 * @since 1.5
 */
public E poll() {
    final Node<E> f = first;
    return (f == null) ? null : unlinkFirst(f);
}

/**
 * Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list.
 *
 * @return the head of this list
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
 * @since 1.5
 */
public E remove() {
    return removeFirst();
}

/**
 * Adds the specified element as the tail (last element) of this list.
 *
 * @param e the element to add
 * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Queue#offer})
 * @since 1.5
 */
public boolean offer(E e) {
    return add(e);
}

Deque 方法：

/**
 * Inserts the specified element at the front of this list.
 *
 * @param e the element to insert
 * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Deque#offerFirst})
 * @since 1.6
 */
public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
    addFirst(e);
    return true;
}

/**
 * Inserts the specified element at the end of this list.
 *
 * @param e the element to insert
 * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Deque#offerLast})
 * @since 1.6
 */
public boolean offerLast(E e) {
    addLast(e);
    return true;
}

/**
 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this list,
 * or returns {@code null} if this list is empty.
 *
 * @return the first element of this list, or {@code null}
 *         if this list is empty
 * @since 1.6
 */
public E peekFirst() {
    final Node<E> f = first;
    return (f == null) ? null : f.item;
 }

/**
 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this list,
 * or returns {@code null} if this list is empty.
 *
 * @return the last element of this list, or {@code null}
 *         if this list is empty
 * @since 1.6
 */
public E peekLast() {
    final Node<E> l = last;
    return (l == null) ? null : l.item;
}

/**
 * Retrieves and removes the first element of this list,
 * or returns {@code null} if this list is empty.
 *
 * @return the first element of this list, or {@code null} if
 *     this list is empty
 * @since 1.6
 */
public E pollFirst() {
    final Node<E> f = first;
    return (f == null) ? null : unlinkFirst(f);
}

/**
 * Retrieves and removes the last element of this list,
 * or returns {@code null} if this list is empty.
 *
 * @return the last element of this list, or {@code null} if
 *     this list is empty
 * @since 1.6
 */
public E pollLast() {
    final Node<E> l = last;
    return (l == null) ? null : unlinkLast(l);
}

/**
 * Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this list.  In other
 * words, inserts the element at the front of this list.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
 *
 * @param e the element to push
 * @since 1.6
 */
public void push(E e) {
    addFirst(e);
}

/**
 * Pops an element from the stack represented by this list.  In other
 * words, removes and returns the first element of this list.
 *
 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
 *
 * @return the element at the front of this list (which is the top
 *         of the stack represented by this list)
 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
 * @since 1.6
 */
public E pop() {
    return removeFirst();
}

/**
 * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this
 * list (when traversing the list from head to tail).  If the list
 * does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
 *
 * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
 * @return {@code true} if the list contained the specified element
 * @since 1.6
 */
public boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o) {
    return remove(o);
}

/**
 * Removes the last occurrence of the specified element in this
 * list (when traversing the list from head to tail).  If the list
 * does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
 *
 * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
 * @return {@code true} if the list contained the specified element
 * @since 1.6
 */
public boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o) {
    if (o == null) {
        for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
            if (x.item == null) {
                unlink(x);
                return true;
            }
        }
    } else {
        for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
            if (o.equals(x.item)) {
                unlink(x);
                return true;
            }
        }
    }
    return false;
}

从源码可以看出 LinkedList 是基于链表实现的。基于链表实现不存在扩容问题; 查找时先判断该节点位于前半部分还是后半部分，加快了速度; 因为基于链表，所以插入删除极快，查找比较慢; 实现了栈和队列的相关方法，所以可作为栈，队列，双端队列来用; 在查找和删除某元素时，区分该元素为 null和不为 null 两种情况来处理，LinkedList 中允许元素为 null。

三：Stack and Queue

Java里有一个叫做Stack的类，却没有叫做Queue的类（它是个接口名字）。当需要使用栈时，Java已不推荐使用Stack，而是推荐使用更高效的ArrayDeque；既然Queue只是一个接口，当需要使用队列时也就首选ArrayDeque了（次选是LinkedList）。

要讲栈和队列，首先要讲Deque接口。Deque的含义是“double ended queue”，即双端队列，它既可以当作栈使用，也可以当作队列使用。下表列出了Deque与Queue相对应的接口：

Queue Method	Equivalent Deque Method	说明
`add(e)`	`addLast(e)`	向队尾插入元素，失败则抛出异常
`offer(e)`	`offerLast(e)`	向队尾插入元素，失败则返回`false`
`remove()`	`removeFirst()`	获取并删除队首元素，失败则抛出异常
`poll()`	`pollFirst()`	获取并删除队首元素，失败则返回`null`
`element()`	`getFirst()`	获取但不删除队首元素，失败则抛出异常
`peek()`	`peekFirst()`	获取但不删除队首元素，失败则返回`null`

下表列出了Deque与Stack对应的接口：

Stack Method	Equivalent Deque Method	说明
`push(e)`	`addFirst(e)`	向栈顶插入元素，失败则抛出异常
无	`offerFirst(e)`	向栈顶插入元素，失败则返回`false`
`pop()`	`removeFirst()`	获取并删除栈顶元素，失败则抛出异常
无	`pollFirst()`	获取并删除栈顶元素，失败则返回`null`
`peek()`	`peekFirst()`	获取但不删除栈顶元素，失败则抛出异常
无	`peekFirst()`	获取但不删除栈顶元素，失败则返回`null`

上面两个表共定义了Deque的12个接口。添加，删除，取值都有两套接口，它们功能相同，区别是对失败情况的处理不同。一套接口遇到失败就会抛出异常，另一套遇到失败会返回特殊值（false或null）。除非某种实现对容量有限制，大多数情况下，添加操作是不会失败的。虽然Deque的接口有12个之多，但无非就是对容器的两端进行操作，或添加，或删除，或查看。明白了这一点讲解起来就会非常简单。

ArrayDeque和LinkedList是Deque的两个通用实现，由于官方更推荐使用AarryDeque用作栈和队列，加之上一篇已经讲解过LinkedList，本文将着重讲解ArrayDeque的具体实现。

从名字可以看出ArrayDeque底层通过数组实现，为了满足可以同时在数组两端插入或删除元素的需求，该数组还必须是循环的，即循环数组（circular array），也就是说数组的任何一点都可能被看作起点或者终点。ArrayDeque是非线程安全的（not thread-safe），当多个线程同时使用的时候，需要程序员手动同步；另外，该容器不允许放入null元素。

addFirst()

addFirst(E e)的作用是在Deque的首端插入元素，也就是在head的前面插入元素，在空间足够且下标没有越界的情况下，只需要将elements[--head] = e即可。

实际需要考虑：1.空间是否够用，以及2.下标是否越界的问题。上图中，如果head为0之后接着调用addFirst()，虽然空余空间还够用，但head为-1，下标越界了。下列代码很好的解决了这两个问题。

//addFirst(E e)
public void addFirst(E e) {
    if (e == null)//不允许放入null
        throw new NullPointerException();
    elements[head = (head - 1) & (elements.length - 1)] = e;//2.下标是否越界
    if (head == tail)//1.空间是否够用
        doubleCapacity();//扩容
}

上述代码我们看到，空间问题是在插入之后解决的，因为tail总是指向下一个可插入的空位，也就意味着elements数组至少有一个空位，所以插入元素的时候不用考虑空间问题。

下标越界的处理解决起来非常简单，head = (head - 1) & (elements.length - 1)就可以了，这段代码相当于取余，同时解决了head为负值的情况。因为elements.length必需是2的指数倍，elements - 1就是二进制低位全1，跟head - 1相与之后就起到了取模的作用，如果head - 1为负数（其实只可能是-1），则相当于对其取相对于elements.length的补码。

下面再说说扩容函数doubleCapacity()，其逻辑是申请一个更大的数组（原数组的两倍），然后将原数组复制过去。过程如下图所示：

图中我们看到，复制分两次进行，第一次复制head右边的元素，第二次复制head左边的元素。

//doubleCapacity()
private void doubleCapacity() {
    assert head == tail;
    int p = head;
    int n = elements.length;
    int r = n - p; // head右边元素的个数
    int newCapacity = n << 1;//原空间的2倍
    if (newCapacity < 0)
        throw new IllegalStateException("Sorry, deque too big");
    Object[] a = new Object[newCapacity];
    System.arraycopy(elements, p, a, 0, r);//复制右半部分，对应上图中绿色部分
    System.arraycopy(elements, 0, a, r, p);//复制左半部分，对应上图中灰色部分
    elements = (E[])a;
    head = 0;
    tail = n;
}

addLast()

addLast(E e)的作用是在Deque的尾端插入元素，也就是在tail的位置插入元素，由于tail总是指向下一个可以插入的空位，因此只需要elements[tail] = e;即可。插入完成后再检查空间，如果空间已经用光，则调用doubleCapacity()进行扩容。

public void addLast(E e) {
    if (e == null)//不允许放入null
        throw new NullPointerException();
    elements[tail] = e;//赋值
    if ( (tail = (tail + 1) & (elements.length - 1)) == head)//下标越界处理
        doubleCapacity();//扩容
}

下标越界处理方式addFirt()中已经讲过，不再赘述。 pollFirst()

pollFirst()的作用是删除并返回Deque首端元素，也即是head位置处的元素。如果容器不空，只需要直接返回elements[head]即可，当然还需要处理下标的问题。由于ArrayDeque中不允许放入null，当elements[head] == null时，意味着容器为空。

public E pollFirst() {
    E result = elements[head];
    if (result == null)//null值意味着deque为空
        return null;
    elements[h] = null;//let GC work
    head = (head + 1) & (elements.length - 1);//下标越界处理
    return result;
}

pollLast()

pollLast()的作用是删除并返回Deque尾端元素，也即是tail位置前面的那个元素。

public E pollLast() {
    int t = (tail - 1) & (elements.length - 1);//tail的上一个位置是最后一个元素
    E result = elements[t];
    if (result == null)//null值意味着deque为空
        return null;
    elements[t] = null;//let GC work
    tail = t;
    return result;
}

peekFirst()

peekFirst()的作用是返回但不删除Deque首端元素，也即是head位置处的元素，直接返回elements[head]即可。

public E peekFirst() {
    return elements[head]; // elements[head] is null if deque empty
}

peekLast()

peekLast()的作用是返回但不删除Deque尾端元素，也即是tail位置前面的那个元素。

public E peekLast() {
    return elements[(tail - 1) & (elements.length - 1)];
}

四：PriorityQueue

参考：深入理解Java PriorityQueue

其他集合补充更新

Java中的集合框架

概述

一、ArrayList

底层数据结构

其他属性

构造函数

自动扩容

ArrayList的操作

Fail-Fast机制

二、LinkedList

底层数据结构

构造函数

LinkedList的操作

三：Stack and Queue

四：PriorityQueue