学会了iOS信号量dispatch_semaphore线程锁,你用起来得心应手!!!

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本篇文章从通过源码分析来研究其实现原理。GCD的源码在libdispatch库中实现的可以在Apple Open Source下载。

1.创建信号量

通过dispatch_semaphore_create(value)创建一个信号量:

/*!
 * @function dispatch_semaphore_create
 *
 * @abstract
 * Creates new counting semaphore with an initial value.
 *
 * @discussion
 * Passing zero for the value is useful for when two threads need to reconcile
 * the completion of a particular event. Passing a value greater than zero is
 * useful for managing a finite pool of resources, where the pool size is equal
 * to the value.
 *
 * @param value
 * The starting value for the semaphore. Passing a value less than zero will
 * cause NULL to be returned.
 *
 * @result
 * The newly created semaphore, or NULL on failure.
 */
API_AVAILABLE(macos(10.6), ios(4.0))
DISPATCH_EXPORT DISPATCH_MALLOC DISPATCH_RETURNS_RETAINED DISPATCH_WARN_RESULT
DISPATCH_NOTHROW
dispatch_semaphore_t dispatch_semaphore_create(long value);

连注释一起贴上来了:

  • 根据初始值value创建一个计数信号量
  • 当两个线程需要协同完成任务时,传0比较合适。当用来管理有限的资源池时,传大于0的值更合适
  • value:信号量的初始值。如果小于0,将创建失败,函数返回NULL

dispatch_semaphore_create()的实现:

dispatch_semaphore_t dispatch_semaphore_create(long value)
{
	dispatch_semaphore_t dsema;

	// If the internal value is negative, then the absolute of the value is
	// equal to the number of waiting threads. Therefore it is bogus to
	// initialize the semaphore with a negative value.
	if (value < 0) {
		return DISPATCH_BAD_INPUT;
	}

	dsema = _dispatch_object_alloc(DISPATCH_VTABLE(semaphore),
			sizeof(struct dispatch_semaphore_s));
	dsema->do_next = DISPATCH_OBJECT_LISTLESS;
	dsema->do_targetq = _dispatch_get_default_queue(false);
	dsema->dsema_value = value;
	_dispatch_sema4_init(&dsema->dsema_sema, _DSEMA4_POLICY_FIFO);
	dsema->dsema_orig = value;
	return dsema;
}

代码比较简单,就是入参检查(非负),开辟内存空间,初始化结构体成员。

2.等待信号量dispatch_semaphore_wait

函数定义:

/*!
 * @function dispatch_semaphore_wait
 *
 * @abstract
 * Wait (decrement) for a semaphore.
 *
 * @discussion
 * Decrement the counting semaphore. If the resulting value is less than zero,
 * this function waits for a signal to occur before returning.
 *
 * @param dsema
 * The semaphore. The result of passing NULL in this parameter is undefined.
 *
 * @param timeout
 * When to timeout (see dispatch_time). As a convenience, there are the
 * DISPATCH_TIME_NOW and DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER constants.
 *
 * @result
 * Returns zero on success, or non-zero if the timeout occurred.
 */
API_AVAILABLE(macos(10.6), ios(4.0))
DISPATCH_EXPORT DISPATCH_NONNULL_ALL DISPATCH_NOTHROW
long dispatch_semaphore_wait(dispatch_semaphore_t dsema, dispatch_time_t timeout);
  • 等待一个信号,会对信号量-1,如果信号量小于0,该函数不会返回,直到等到一个信号发生(signal
  • 第一个参数,不能为NULL
  • 第二个参数timeout:指定等待的超时时间
  • 返回值:成功返回0,如果超时返回非0

函数实现:

long dispatch_semaphore_wait(dispatch_semaphore_t dsema, dispatch_time_t timeout)
{
	long value = os_atomic_dec2o(dsema, dsema_value, acquire);
	if (likely(value >= 0)) {
		return 0;
	}
	return _dispatch_semaphore_wait_slow(dsema, timeout);
}
  • 首先尝试获取锁,在获取锁的时候会对信号量-1,如果剩余信号量>= 0,函数直接返回成功
  • 信号量小于0,调用_dispatch_semaphore_wait_slow,该函数会等到信号后才会返回

_dispatch_semaphore_wait_slow()的实现:

DISPATCH_NOINLINE
static long _dispatch_semaphore_wait_slow(dispatch_semaphore_t dsema,
		dispatch_time_t timeout)
{
	long orig;

	_dispatch_sema4_create(&dsema->dsema_sema, _DSEMA4_POLICY_FIFO);
	switch (timeout) {
	default:
		if (!_dispatch_sema4_timedwait(&dsema->dsema_sema, timeout)) {
			break;
		}
		// Fall through and try to undo what the fast path did to
		// dsema->dsema_value
	case DISPATCH_TIME_NOW:
		orig = dsema->dsema_value;
		while (orig < 0) {
			if (os_atomic_cmpxchgvw2o(dsema, dsema_value, orig, orig + 1,
					&orig, relaxed)) {
				return _DSEMA4_TIMEOUT();
			}
		}
		// Another thread called semaphore_signal().
		// Fall through and drain the wakeup.
	case DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER:
		_dispatch_sema4_wait(&dsema->dsema_sema);
		break;
	}
	return 0;
}
  • 函数内部创建一个局部的锁,这个锁会保存在我们通过dispatch_semaphore_create()创建的信号量的dsema_sema成员,即dsema->dsema_sema
  • timeout
    • 大多数情况下我们会使用DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER,这个分支下,会直接wait,使线程进入休眠,等到信号后会唤醒线程
    • 自定义超时时间会走default分支,也会休眠线程,不同的是,它是计时休眠,如果超时线程也会被唤醒
    • DISPATCH_TIME_NOW:超时时间就是现在,会立即超时,不知道什么场景会用。这个分支会这么写是因为上面default分支,如果是超时唤醒了线程,会直接「贯穿」到该分支,超时是在这个分支返回的

3.发送信号量dispatch_semaphore_signal

函数定义:

/*!
 * @function dispatch_semaphore_signal
 *
 * @abstract
 * Signal (increment) a semaphore.
 *
 * @discussion
 * Increment the counting semaphore. If the previous value was less than zero,
 * this function wakes a waiting thread before returning.
 *
 * @param dsema The counting semaphore.
 * The result of passing NULL in this parameter is undefined.
 *
 * @result
 * This function returns non-zero if a thread is woken. Otherwise, zero is
 * returned.
 */
API_AVAILABLE(macos(10.6), ios(4.0))
DISPATCH_EXPORT DISPATCH_NONNULL_ALL DISPATCH_NOTHROW
long dispatch_semaphore_signal(dispatch_semaphore_t dsema);
  • 对计数信号量+1,如果之前的信号量小于0,该函数会唤醒「一个」等待中的线程
  • 参数不能为NULL
  • 返回值:如果该函数唤醒了一个线程,返回非0,否则返回0

函数实现:

long dispatch_semaphore_signal(dispatch_semaphore_t dsema)
{
	long value = os_atomic_inc2o(dsema, dsema_value, release);
	if (likely(value > 0)) {
		return 0;
	}
	if (unlikely(value == LONG_MIN)) {
		DISPATCH_CLIENT_CRASH(value,
				"Unbalanced call to dispatch_semaphore_signal()");
	}
	return _dispatch_semaphore_signal_slow(dsema);
}
  • 释放锁,同时对信号量+1
  • 如果如果信号量大于0,直接返回,
  • 如果信号量<= 0,说明之前有线程在休眠等待信号,调用_dispatch_semaphore_signal_slow()发出一个信号来唤醒一个线程

4.总结

  • 所谓等待的线程,是指调用dispatch_semaphore_wait()时所在的线程
  • 从其他线程发出信号dispatch_semaphore_signal,会唤醒一个等在中的线程
  • GCDdispatch_semaphore就是一个计数信号量,通过这个计数量来管理线程,使线程或休眠等待,或唤醒执行任务

GCD的信号量是对系统内核信号量的一层封装,要想更深入的了解,可以去研究一下Linux内核的信号量。

截止到本篇文章,一共分析了iOS中7中锁,最后借用网络上流行的一张图(对比了iOS中所有锁的性能):

dispatch_semaphore

图中有九种锁:

  • OSSpinLock已被苹果废弃,取而代之的是os_unfair_lock
  • pthread_mutexpthread_mutex(recursive)属于pthread范畴
  • 除以上三种底层锁外,图中剩余的锁全部都在本专栏文章中介绍了用法以及通过源码分析研究了实现原理