Android- SPI机制的理解

Android- SPI机制的理解

SPI是什么

SPI全称Service Provider Interface,是Java提供的一套用来被第三方实现或者扩展的API,它可以用来启用框架扩展和替换组件

image.png

Java SPI 实际上是“基于接口的编程+策略模式+配置文件”组合实现的动态加载机制

简单使用

image.png 新建一个Android项目,和三个module工程(interface,adisplay,bdisplay)

项目的依赖关系

image.png

在interfaceModel中新建一个接口

public interface Display {
    String display();
}
复制代码

在adisplay模块中实现这个接口

public class ADisplay implements Display {
    @Override
    public String display() {
        return "This is display in module adisplay";
    }
}
复制代码

在adisplay模块中新建一个文件

image.png 注意这个两个地方的路径,文本内容是当前module中实现类的全路径 bdisplay模块页仿照adisplay操作一遍

app中定一个DisplayImpl的实现

public class DisplayImpl implements Display {
    @Override
    public String display() {
        return "This is display in module app";
    }
}
复制代码

仿照adisplay新建配置文件。 在页面上添加一个按钮来实现

val loader: ServiceLoader<Display> = ServiceLoader.load(Display::class.java)
var mIterator = loader.iterator()
while (mIterator.hasNext()) {
    mIterator.next().display()
}
复制代码

通过ServiceLoader来加载接口的不同实现类,然后会得到迭代器,在迭代器中可以拿到不同实现类全限定名,然后通过反射动态加载实例就可以调用display方法了

源码追踪

主要起作用的是ServiceLoader这个类

public final class ServiceLoader<S>
    implements Iterable<S>
{
    //配置文件所在的包目录路径
    private static final String PREFIX = "META-INF/services/";

    private final Class<S> service;//接口名称

    private final ClassLoader loader;//类加载器
    //providers就是不同实现类的缓存,key就是实现类的全限定名,value就是实现类的实例
    private LinkedHashMap<String,S> providers = new LinkedHashMap<>();
    private LazyIterator lookupIterator;//内部类LazyIterator的实例

    public void reload() {
        providers.clear();
        lookupIterator = new LazyIterator(service, loader);
    }

    private ServiceLoader(Class<S> svc, ClassLoader cl) {
        service = Objects.requireNonNull(svc, "Service interface cannot be null");
        loader = (cl == null) ? ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() : cl;
        reload();
    }

    private static void fail(Class<?> service, String msg, Throwable cause)
        throws ServiceConfigurationError
    {
        throw new ServiceConfigurationError(service.getName() + ": " + msg,
                                            cause);
    }

    private static void fail(Class<?> service, String msg)
        throws ServiceConfigurationError
    {
        throw new ServiceConfigurationError(service.getName() + ": " + msg);
    }

    private static void fail(Class<?> service, URL u, int line, String msg)
        throws ServiceConfigurationError
    {
        fail(service, u + ":" + line + ": " + msg);
    }
    private int parseLine(Class<?> service, URL u, BufferedReader r, int lc,
                          List<String> names)
        throws IOException, ServiceConfigurationError
    {
        String ln = r.readLine();
        if (ln == null) {
            return -1;
        }
        int ci = ln.indexOf('#');
        if (ci >= 0) ln = ln.substring(0, ci);
        ln = ln.trim();
        int n = ln.length();
        if (n != 0) {
            if ((ln.indexOf(' ') >= 0) || (ln.indexOf('\t') >= 0))
                fail(service, u, lc, "Illegal configuration-file syntax");
            int cp = ln.codePointAt(0);
            if (!Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(cp))
                fail(service, u, lc, "Illegal provider-class name: " + ln);
            for (int i = Character.charCount(cp); i < n; i += Character.charCount(cp)) {
                cp = ln.codePointAt(i);
                if (!Character.isJavaIdentifierPart(cp) && (cp != '.'))
                    fail(service, u, lc, "Illegal provider-class name: " + ln);
            }
            if (!providers.containsKey(ln) && !names.contains(ln))
                names.add(ln);
        }
        return lc + 1;
    }

    private Iterator<String> parse(Class<?> service, URL u)
        throws ServiceConfigurationError
    {
        InputStream in = null;
        BufferedReader r = null;
        ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
        try {
            in = u.openStream();
            r = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in, "utf-8"));
            int lc = 1;
            while ((lc = parseLine(service, u, r, lc, names)) >= 0);
        } catch (IOException x) {
            fail(service, "Error reading configuration file", x);
        } finally {
            try {
                if (r != null) r.close();
                if (in != null) in.close();
            } catch (IOException y) {
                fail(service, "Error closing configuration file", y);
            }
        }
        return names.iterator();
    }

    private class LazyIterator
        implements Iterator<S>
    {

        Class<S> service;
        ClassLoader loader;
        Enumeration<URL> configs = null;
        Iterator<String> pending = null;
        String nextName = null;

        private LazyIterator(Class<S> service, ClassLoader loader) {
            this.service = service;
            this.loader = loader;
        }

        private boolean hasNextService() {
            if (nextName != null) {
                return true;
            }
            if (configs == null) {
                try {
                    String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
                    if (loader == null)
                        configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
                    else
                        configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
                } catch (IOException x) {
                    fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
                }
            }
            while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
                if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
                    return false;
                }
                pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
            }
            nextName = pending.next();
            return true;
        }

        private S nextService() {
            if (!hasNextService())
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            String cn = nextName;
            nextName = null;
            Class<?> c = null;
            try {
                c = Class.forName(cn, false, loader);
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
                fail(service,
                     "Provider " + cn + " not found", x);
            }
            if (!service.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
                ClassCastException cce = new ClassCastException(
                        service.getCanonicalName() + " is not assignable from " + c.getCanonicalName());
                fail(service,
                     "Provider " + cn  + " not a subtype", cce);
            }
            try {
                S p = service.cast(c.newInstance());
                providers.put(cn, p);
                return p;
            } catch (Throwable x) {
                fail(service,
                     "Provider " + cn + " could not be instantiated",
                     x);
            }
            throw new Error();          // This cannot happen
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {
                return hasNextService();
        }

        public S next() {
                return nextService();
        }

        public void remove() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

    }

    public Iterator<S> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<S>() {
            Iterator<Map.Entry<String,S>> knownProviders
                = providers.entrySet().iterator();

            public boolean hasNext() {
                if (knownProviders.hasNext())
                    return true;
                return lookupIterator.hasNext();
            }

            public S next() {
                if (knownProviders.hasNext())
                    return knownProviders.next().getValue();
                return lookupIterator.next();
            }

            public void remove() {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
            }

        };
    }

    public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> load(Class<S> service,
                                            ClassLoader loader)
    {
        return new ServiceLoader<>(service, loader);
    }

    public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> load(Class<S> service) {
        ClassLoader cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
        return ServiceLoader.load(service, cl);
    }
    public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> loadInstalled(Class<S> service) {
        ClassLoader cl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
        ClassLoader prev = null;
        while (cl != null) {
            prev = cl;
            cl = cl.getParent();
        }
        return ServiceLoader.load(service, prev);
    }
    public static <S> S loadFromSystemProperty(final Class<S> service) {
        try {
            final String className = System.getProperty(service.getName());
            if (className != null) {
                Class<?> c = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass(className);
                return (S) c.newInstance();
            }
            return null;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new Error(e);
        }
    }
    public String toString() {
        return "java.util.ServiceLoader[" + service.getName() + "]";
    }
}
复制代码

ServiceLoader提供了两个静态的load方法,如果我们没有传入类加载器,ServiceLoader会自动为我们获得一个当前线程的类加载器,最终都是调用构造函数。

public void reload() {
    providers.clear();
    lookupIterator = new LazyIterator(service, loader);
}

private ServiceLoader(Class<S> svc, ClassLoader cl) {
    service = Objects.requireNonNull(svc, "Service interface cannot be null");
    loader = (cl == null) ? ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() : cl;
    reload();
}
复制代码

构造函数中工作很简单就是清除实现类的缓存,实例化迭代器

loader.iterator() 返回一个迭代器。首先会到providers中去查找有没有存在的实例,有就直接返回,没有再到LazyIterator中查找

private boolean hasNextService() {
    if (nextName != null) {
        return true;
    }
    if (configs == null) {
        try {
            String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
            if (loader == null)
                configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
            else
                configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
        } catch (IOException x) {
            fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
        }
    }
    while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
        if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
            return false;
        }
        pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
    }
    nextName = pending.next();
    return true;
}
复制代码
  • 首先拿到配置文件名fullName
  • 通过类加载器获得所有模块的配置文件
  • 依次扫描每个配置文件的内容,返回配置文件内容Iterator<String> pending,每个配置文件中可能有多个实现类的全限定名,所以pending也是个迭代器

分析nextService方法

private S nextService() {
    if (!hasNextService())
        throw new NoSuchElementException();
    String cn = nextName;
    nextName = null;
    Class<?> c = null;
    try {
        c = Class.forName(cn, false, loader);
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn + " not found", x);
    }
    if (!service.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
        ClassCastException cce = new ClassCastException(
                service.getCanonicalName() + " is not assignable from " + c.getCanonicalName());
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn  + " not a subtype", cce);
    }
    try {
        S p = service.cast(c.newInstance());
        providers.put(cn, p);
        return p;
    } catch (Throwable x) {
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn + " could not be instantiated",
             x);
    }
    throw new Error();          // This cannot happen
}
复制代码
  1. 首先根据nextName,Class.forName加载拿到具体实现类的class对象
  2. Class.newInstance()实例化拿到具体实现类的实例对象
  3. 将实例对象转换service.cast为接口
  4. 将实例对象放到缓存中,providers.put(cn, p),key就是实现类的全限定名,value是实例对象。
  5. 返回实例对象
小结
  • 1 应用程序调用ServiceLoader.load方法 ServiceLoader.load方法内先创建一个新的ServiceLoader,并实例化该类中的成员变量,包括:

    • loader(ClassLoader类型,类加载器)
    • acc(AccessControlContext类型,访问控制器)
    • providers(LinkedHashMap<String,S>类型,用于缓存加载成功的类)
    • lookupIterator(实现迭代器功能)
  • 2 应用程序通过迭代器接口获取对象实例
    ServiceLoader先判断成员变量providers对象中(LinkedHashMap<String,S>类型)是否有缓存实例对象,如果有缓存,直接返回。如果没有缓存,执行类的装载

    • 读取META-INF/services/下的配置文件,获得所有能被实例化的类的名称,值得注意的是,ServiceLoader可以跨越jar包获取META-INF下的配置文件
    • 通过反射方法Class.forName()加载类对象,并用instance()方法将类实例化。
    • 把实例化后的类缓存到providers对象中,(LinkedHashMap<String,S>类型)然后返回实例对象

总结

  • 使用Java SPI机制的优势是实现解耦,使得第三方服务模块的装配控制的逻辑与调用者的业务代码分离,而不是耦合在一起。
  • 相比使用提供接口jar包,供第三方服务模块实现接口的方式,SPI的方式使得源框架,不必关心接口的实现类的路径
  • 第三方服务模块实现接口后,在第三方的项目代码的META-INF/services目录下的配置文件指定实现类的全路径名,源码框架即可找到实现类
  • 虽然ServiceLoader也算是使用的延迟加载,但是基本只能通过遍历全部获取,也就是接口的实现类全部加载并实例化一遍。如果你并不想用某些实现类,它也被加载并实例化了,这就造成了浪费。获取某个实现类的方式不够灵活,只能通过Iterator形式获取,不能根据某个参数来获取对应的实现类。
  • 多个并发多线程使用ServiceLoader类的实例是不安全的。
分类:
Android