这是我参与更文挑战的第7天,活动详情查看: 更文挑战
在缓存击穿及解决方案中简单介绍了Go使用singleflight解决缓存击穿,查到了singleflight的源码,阅读感受只能说“让我感觉自己不太适合干程序员这项工作~”,今天下决心把singleflight源码搞懂,尤其是前几天一直困惑的singleflight何时存储,何时删除其内部缓存的问题。
而且,其中涉及到了很多Go的并发编程知识。很有必要学习一番。
Go并发的一些知识
WaitGroup 等待线程组
WaitGroup线程同步,指等待一组协程goroutine执行完成后才会继续向下执行。如下为简单的测试代码:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
)
func main() {
var group sync.WaitGroup
group.Add(2)
for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
go func() {
fmt.Println("other routine finish ")
group.Done()
}()
fmt.Println("i = ", i)
}
group.Wait()
// 将等待两个协程执行完毕后才执行下面语句
fmt.Println("all group routine finish")
}
运行结果如下:
i = 0
other routine finish
i = 1
other routine finish
all group routine finish
sync.Mutex 互斥锁
Mutex是一个互斥锁,可以创建为其他结构体的字段;零值为解锁状态。Mutex类型的锁和线程无关,可以由不同的线程加锁和解锁[2]。
注意以下几点:
- 在一个 goroutine 获得 Mutex 后,其他 goroutine 只能等到这个 goroutine 释放该 Mutex[3]
- 已加锁后只能解锁后再加锁
- 解锁未加锁的会导致异常
- 适用于读写不确定,并且只有一个读或者写的场景[3]
测试代码如下:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
"time"
)
func main() {
wait := sync.WaitGroup{}
var m sync.Mutex
fmt.Println("Main Routine Locked")
m.Lock()
for i := 0; i <=2 ; i++ {
wait.Add(1)
go func(i int) {
fmt.Println(i, " not get lock, waiting...")
m.Lock()
fmt.Println(i, " get lock, doing...")
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Println(i, " Unlocked")
m.Unlock()
defer wait.Done()
}(i)
}
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Println("Main Routine Unlocked")
m.Unlock()
wait.Wait()
}
运行结果如下:
Main Routine Locked
2 not get lock, waiting...
0 not get lock, waiting...
1 not get lock, waiting...
Main Routine Unlocked
2 get lock, doing...
2 Unlocked
0 get lock, doing...
0 Unlocked
1 get lock, doing...
1 Unlocked
singleflight的两个结构体
call
call保存当前调用对应的信息。
// call is an in-flight or completed singleflight.Do call
type call struct {
wg sync.WaitGroup
// These fields are written once before the WaitGroup is done
// and are only read after the WaitGroup is done.
// 函数返回值,在wg.Done前只会写入一次,在wg.Done后是只读的。
val interface{}
err error
// forgotten indicates whether Forget was called with this call's key
// while the call was still in flight.
// 标识Forget方法是否被调用
forgotten bool
// These fields are read and written with the singleflight
// mutex held before the WaitGroup is done, and are read but
// not written after the WaitGroup is done.
// 统计调用次数
dups int
// 返回的 channel
chans []chan<- Result
}
Group
// Group represents a class of work and forms a namespace in
// which units of work can be executed with duplicate suppression.
type Group struct {
// 互斥锁
mu sync.Mutex // protects m
// 映射表,调用key->调用,懒加载,
m map[string]*call // lazily initialized
}
Do方法
通过group.mu
,group.m
确保某个时间点只有一个方法进入实际的执行。
通过call.wg
确保实际执行的方法执行完毕后后,其他同样的方法可以从call.val
获取到同样的数据。
// Do executes and returns the results of the given function, making
// sure that only one execution is in-flight for a given key at a
// time. If a duplicate comes in, the duplicate caller waits for the
// original to complete and receives the same results.
// The return value shared indicates whether v was given to multiple callers.
// Do执行和返回给定函数的值,确保某一个时间只有一个方法被执行。如果一个重复的请求进入,则重复的请求会等待前一个执行完毕并获取相同的数据,返回值shared标识返回值v是否是传递给重复的调用的
func (g *Group) Do(key string, fn func() (interface{}, error)) (v interface{}, err error, shared bool) {
g.mu.Lock()
if g.m == nil {
// 懒加载,初始化
g.m = make(map[string]*call)
}
// 检查指定key是否已存在请求
if c, ok := g.m[key]; ok {
// 已存在则解锁,调用次数+1,
c.dups++
g.mu.Unlock()
// 然后等待 call.wg(WaitGroup) 执行完毕,只要一执行完,所有的 wait 都会被唤醒
c.wg.Wait()
// 我的Go知识还没学到异常,暂且不表:
// 这里区分 panic 错误和 runtime 的错误,避免出现死锁,后面可以看到为什么这么做[4]
if e, ok := c.err.(*panicError); ok {
panic(e)
} else if c.err == errGoexit {
runtime.Goexit()
}
return c.val, c.err, true
}
// 如果我们没有找到这个 key 就 new call
c := new(call)
// 然后调用 waitgroup 这里只有第一次调用会 add 1,其他的都会调用 wait 阻塞掉
// 所以只要这次调用返回,所有阻塞的调用都会被唤醒
c.wg.Add(1)
g.m[key] = c
g.mu.Unlock()
// 实际执行fn
g.doCall(c, key, fn)
return c.val, c.err, c.dups > 0
}
doCall方法
由于本人Go的知识面还没有覆盖到Go的异常部分,其对异常的处理暂且不表,借用文章与代码中的注释的说法:使用了两个 defer 巧妙的将 runtime 的错误和我们传入 function 的 panic 区别开来避免了由于传入的 function panic 导致的死锁
// doCall handles the single call for a key.
func (g *Group) doCall(c *call, key string, fn func() (interface{}, error)) {
// 表示方法是否正常返回
normalReturn := false
recovered := false
// use double-defer to distinguish panic from runtime.Goexit,
// more details see https://golang.org/cl/134395
defer func() {
// the given function invoked runtime.Goexit
// 如果既没有正常执行完毕,又没有 recover 那就说明需要直接退出了
if !normalReturn && !recovered {
c.err = errGoexit
}
c.wg.Done()
g.mu.Lock()
defer g.mu.Unlock()
// 如果已经 forgot 过了,就不要重复删除这个 key 了
if !c.forgotten {
delete(g.m, key)
}
// 下面应该主要是异常处理的diamante
if e, ok := c.err.(*panicError); ok {
// In order to prevent the waiting channels from being blocked forever,
// needs to ensure that this panic cannot be recovered.
if len(c.chans) > 0 {
go panic(e)
select {} // Keep this goroutine around so that it will appear in the crash dump.
} else {
panic(e)
}
} else if c.err == errGoexit {
// Already in the process of goexit, no need to call again
} else {
// Normal return
for _, ch := range c.chans {
ch <- Result{c.val, c.err, c.dups > 0}
}
}
}()
func() {
// 使用一个匿名函数来执行实际的fn
defer func() {
if !normalReturn {
// Ideally, we would wait to take a stack trace until we've determined
// whether this is a panic or a runtime.Goexit.
//
// Unfortunately, the only way we can distinguish the two is to see
// whether the recover stopped the goroutine from terminating, and by
// the time we know that, the part of the stack trace relevant to the
// panic has been discarded.
if r := recover(); r != nil {
c.err = newPanicError(r)
}
}
}()
// 方法实际执行,将值存在c.val中
c.val, c.err = fn()
normalReturn = true
}()
if !normalReturn {
recovered = true
}
}
流程概述图
参考资料:
[1] 一篇带给你Go并发编程Singleflight developer.51cto.com/art/202103/…