深入了解Java集合

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个人笔记记录,如有错漏,恳请指教

参考来源

集合

数据容器,即数据组织的方式(数据结构)

集合类存放的是对象的引用

设计要求

  • 该框架必须是高性能的。基本集合(动态数组,链表,树,哈希表)的实现也必须是高效的。
  • 该框架允许不同类型的集合,以类似的方式工作,具有高度的互操作性。
  • 对一个集合的扩展和适应必须是简单的。

Java的集合

框架图

img

Java 集合框架主要包括两种类型的容器,一种是集合(Collection),存储一个元素集合,另一种是图(Map),存储键/值对映射。

接口

集合的抽象数据类型,描述了该类型的集合应该有什么样的特点

实现

实现集合接口的类(遵守一个集合的规范而编写的类),可复用的数据结构

算法

是实现集合接口的对象里的方法执行的一些特定的功能,例如:搜索和排序。这些算法被称为多态,那是因为相同的方法可以在相似的接口上有着不同的实现。

image-20210410233507697

行是数据的逻辑结构

列是实现逻辑结构的物理结构

常用的集合

在这里插入图片描述

  • List
  • Set
  • Map

Map接口对应的是键值对集合(关联式)

Collecttion

Collection接口对应是序列集合

//添加
boolean add(Object obj);
boolean addAll(Collection c);
//delete
void clear();
boolean remove(Object obj);
boolean removeAll(Collection c);
//justice
boolean contains(Object obj);
boolean containsAll(Collection c);
boolean isEmpty();
//iterator
Iterator<E> iterator();
//length
int size();
boolean retainAll(Collection c);

List

存取有序,有索引,可以根据索引来进行取值,元素可以重复

ArrayList:

  • 底层实现是数组
  • ArrayList的默认初始化容量是10,每次扩容时候增加原先容量的一半,也就是变为原来的1.5倍
  • 增删时候,需要数组的拷贝复制(navite 方法由C/C++实现)

LinkedList:

  • 底层实现是双向链表[双向链表方便实现往前遍历]

Vector:

  • 底层是数组,现在已少用,被ArrayList替代,原因有两个:

    • Vector所有方法都是同步,有性能损失
    • Vector初始length是10 超过length时 以100%比率增长,相比于ArrayList更多消耗内存
    • 参考资料:www.zhihu.com/question/31…

总的来说:查询多用ArrayList,增删多用LinkedList。

ArrayList增删慢不是绝对的(在数量大的情况下,已测试):

  • 如果增加元素一直是使用add()(增加到末尾)的话,那是ArrayList要快
  • 一直删除末尾的元素也是ArrayList要快【不用复制移动位置】
  • 至于如果删除的是中间的位置的话,还是ArrayList要快

但一般来说:增删多还是用LinkedList,因为上面的情况是极端的~

LinkedList

LinkedList同时实现了List接口和Deque接口,也就是说它既可以看作一个顺序容器,又可以看作一个队列(Queue),同时又可以看作一个栈(Stack)。这样看来,LinkedList简直就是个全能冠军。当你需要使用栈或者队列时,可以考虑使用LinkedList,一方面是因为Java官方已经声明不建议使用Stack类,更遗憾的是,Java里根本没有一个叫做Queue的类(它是个接口名字)。关于栈或队列,现在的首选是ArrayDeque,它有着比LinkedList(当作栈或队列使用时)有着更好的性能。

是基于链表结构实现的,所以查询速度慢,增删速度快,提供了特殊的方法,对头尾的元素操作

实现

双向链表

//Node内部类
private static class Node<E> {
    E item;
    Node<E> next;
    Node<E> prev;
    Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
        this.item = element;
        this.next = next;
        this.prev = prev;
    }
}
add()
public boolean add(E e){
    linkLast(e);
    return true;
}
void linkLast(E e){
    final Node<E> l = last;
    final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
    last = newNode;
    if(l ==null){
        first = newNode;
    }else{
        l.next = newNode;
    }
    size++;
    modCount++;
}
remove()
public boolean remove(Object obj){
    if(obj ==null){
        for(Node<E> x = first; x!=null; x = x.next){
            if(x.item ==null){
                unlink(x);
                return true;
            }
        }
    }else{
        for(Node<E> x =first; x!=null; x = x.next){
            if(obj.equals(x.item)){
                unlink(x);
                return true;
            }
        }
    }
    return false;
}

E unlink(Node<E> x){
    final E element = x.item;
    final Node<E> next = x.next;
    final Node<E> prev = x.prev;
    
    if(prev ==null){
        first = next;
    }else{
        prev.next = next;
        x.prev = null;
    }
    if(next ==null){
        last = prev;
    }else{
        next.prev = prev;
        x.next = null;
    }
    x.iten = null;
    size-- ;
    modCount++;
    return element;
}
set()
    public E set(int index, E element) {
        checkElementIndex(index);
        Node<E> x = node(index);
        E oldVal = x.item;
        x.item = element;
        return oldVal;
    }
get()
  public E get(int index) {
        checkElementIndex(index);
        return node(index).item;
    }

Node<E> node (int index){
    if(index <(size>>1)){
        Node<E> x = first;
         for(int i=0;iM index; i++){
             x = x.next;
			return x;    	
         }
    }else{
        Node<E> x = last;
        for(int i = size-1;i>index;i--){
            x = x.prev;
        }
        return x;
    }
   
    
}

ArrayList

Object[] 数组实现,查询快,增删慢

ArrayList继承于 AbstractList ,实现了 List, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable 这些接口。

  • RandomAccess 是一个标志接口,表明实现这个这个接口的 List 集合是支持快速随机访问的。在 ArrayList 中,我们即可以通过元素的序号快速获取元素对象,这就是快速随机访问。
  • ArrayList 实现了 Cloneable 接口 ,即覆盖了函数clone(),能被克隆。
  • ArrayList 实现了 java.io.Serializable 接口,这意味着ArrayList支持序列化,能通过序列化去传输。
特点
  • ArrayList是基于动态数组实现的,在增删时候,需要数组的拷贝复制
  • ArrayList的默认初始化容量是10,每次扩容时候增加原先容量的一半,也就是变为原来的1.5倍
  • 删除元素时不会减少容量,若希望减少容量则调用trimToSize()
  • 它不是线程安全的。它能存放null值。
private static final long serialVersionUID = 868345258122892189L;
//Default initail capacity
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
//Empty array insance
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {}
//buffer array
transient Object[] elementData;
//length
private int size;


源码
构造
   /**
     * 默认初始容量大小
     */
    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;


    private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    /**
     *默认构造函数,使用初始容量10构造一个空列表(无参数构造)
     */
    public ArrayList() {
        this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }

    /**
     * 带初始容量参数的构造函数。(用户自己指定容量)
     */
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        if (initialCapacity > 0) {//初始容量大于0
            //创建initialCapacity大小的数组
            this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
        } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {//初始容量等于0
            //创建空数组
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        } else {//初始容量小于0,抛出异常
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        }
    }


   /**
    *构造包含指定collection元素的列表,这些元素利用该集合的迭代器按顺序返回
    *如果指定的集合为null,throws NullPointerException。
    */
     public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        elementData = c.toArray();
        if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
            // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
            if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
                elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
        } else {
            // replace with empty array.
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        }
    }
set()

直接指定下标赋值

public E set(int index, E element) {
    rangeCheck(index);//下标越界检查
    E oldValue = elementData(index);
    elementData[index] = element;//赋值到指定位置,复制的仅仅是引用
    return oldValue;
}
get()

直接通过下标获取

public E get(int index) {
    rangeCheck(index);
    return (E) elementData[index];//注意类型转换
}
add()
grow()

自动扩充 获得1.5倍旧数组长度a 新数组长度b

哪个大用哪个作为新数组长度 如果b大于MAX_ARRAY_SIZE 则取Integer.MAX_VALUE

private void grow(int minCapacity) {
    int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
    int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);//原来的1.5倍 位运算除法
    if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
        newCapacity = minCapacity;
    if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
        newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
    elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);//扩展空间并复制
}

private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
          throw new OutOfMemoryError();
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
             Integer.MAX_VALUE :
            MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    }
addAll()
remove()
/**
检查角标

删除元素

计算出需要移动的个数,并移动

设置为null,让Gc回收
**/
public E remove(int index) {
    rangeCheck(index);
    modCount++;
    E oldValue = elementData(index);
    int numMoved = size - index - 1;
    if (numMoved > 0)
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, numMoved);
    elementData[--size] = null; //清除该位置的引用,让GC起作用
    return oldValue;
}
copyOf
public static <T, U> T[] copyOf(U[] original, int newLength, Class<? extends T[]> newType){
    T[] copy = ((Object)newType == (Object)Object[].class) ? (T[])new Object[newLength]:(T[])Array.newInstance(newType.getComponentType()),newLength);
    System.arraycopy(original, )
    
}
recheck
   // 检查角标
   private void rangeCheck(int index) {
        if (index >= size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    // 返回元素
    E elementData(int index) {
        return (E) elementData[index];
    }
ensureCapacityInternal()
  //得到最小扩容量
    private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
        if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
              // 获取默认的容量和传入参数的较大值
            minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
        }

        ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
    }
ensureExplicitCapacity()
 //判断是否需要扩容
    private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;

        // overflow-conscious code
        if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
            //调用grow方法进行扩容,调用此方法代表已经开始扩容了
            grow(minCapacity);
    }
hugeCapacity()
  private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
            throw new OutOfMemoryError();
        //对minCapacity和MAX_ARRAY_SIZE进行比较
        //若minCapacity大,将Integer.MAX_VALUE作为新数组的大小
        //若MAX_ARRAY_SIZE大,将MAX_ARRAY_SIZE作为新数组的大小
        //MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
            Integer.MAX_VALUE :
            MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    
System.copy
    /**
     * 在此列表中的指定位置插入指定的元素。
     *先调用 rangeCheckForAdd 对index进行界限检查;然后调用 ensureCapacityInternal 方法保证capacity足够大;
     *再将从index开始之后的所有成员后移一个位置;将element插入index位置;最后size加1。
     */
    public void add(int index, E element) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        //arraycopy()方法实现数组自己复制自己
        //elementData:源数组;index:源数组中的起始位置;elementData:目标数组;index + 1:目标数组中的起始位置; size - index:要复制的数组元素的数量;
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, size - index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        size++;
    }
Array.copyOf
   /**
     以正确的顺序返回一个包含此列表中所有元素的数组(从第一个到最后一个元素); 返回的数组的运行时类型是指定数组的运行时类型。
     */
    public Object[] toArray() {
    //elementData:要复制的数组;size:要复制的长度
        return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
    }

Vector

较ArrayList多synchronized,线程安全,但效率低

ArrayList在底层数组不够用时在原来的基础上扩展0.5倍,Vector是扩展1倍

在要求非同步的情况下,我们一般都是使用ArrayList来替代Vector的了

如果想要ArrayList实现同步,可以使用Collections的方法:List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList(...));,就可以实现同步了

synchronizedList与Vector的区别

执行add()等方法的时候是加了synchronized关键字的,但是listIterator(),iterator()却没有加.所以在使用的时候需要加上synchronized.

Stack

Set

存取无序,元素不可以重复

HashSet

TreeSet

ListHashSet

Map

Hashtable

HashMap

img

注意:

  • 装载因子
  • 扩容机制
  • 二进制位运算优化
特点

主要存放键值对,基于Map接口实现

JDK1.8 之前 HashMap 由 数组+链表 组成的,数组是 HashMap 的主体,链表则是主要为了解决哈希冲突而存在的(“拉链法”解决冲突)。

JDK1.8 之后 HashMap 的组成多了红黑树,在满足下面两个条件之后,会执行链表转红黑树操作,以此来加快搜索速度。

  • 无序,允许为null,非同步
  • 底层由散列表(哈希表)实现
  • 初始容量和装载因子对HashMap影响较大

img

补充

向HashMap中添加一个元素的时候,需要根据key的hash值,去确定其在数组中的具体位置。 HashMap为了存取高效,要尽量减少碰撞,就是要尽量把数据分配均匀,每个链表长度大致相同

扩容机制

HashMap在进行扩容时,使用的rehash方式非常巧妙,因为每次扩容都是翻倍,与原来的数组长度n计算的 (n-1)&hash的结果相比,只是多了一个bit位,所以节点要么就在原来的位置,要么就被分配到"原位置+旧容量"这个位置。那么多的这一位怎么判断是0还是1呢?:e.hash & oldCap原容量,然后判断等不等于0即可。等0即新位是0,不等0即新位是1

树与链表

TreeNodes占用空间是普通Nodes的两倍,所以只有当bin包含足够多的节点时才会转成TreeNodes,而是否足够多就是由TREEIFY_THRESHOLD的值决定的。当bin中节点数变少时,又会转成普通的bin。并且我们查看源码的时候发现,链表长度达到8就转成红黑树,当长度降到6就转成普通bin。

理想情况下随机hashCode算法下所有bin中节点的分布频率会遵循泊松分布,我们可以看到,一个bin中链表长度达到8个元素的概率为0.00000006,几乎是不可能事件

负载因子

loadFactor加载因子,默认0.75,是用来衡量 HashMap table满的程度,表示HashMap的数组存放数据疏密程度,影响hash操作到同一个数组位置的概率,计算HashMap的实时加载因子的方法为:size/capacity,而不是占用桶的数量去除以capacity。capacity 是桶的数量,也就是 table 的长度length。

loadFactor太大导致查找元素效率低,而太小导致数组的利用率低,存放的数据会很分散。loadFactor的默认值为0.75f是官方给出的一个比较好的临界值。

当HashMap里面容纳的元素已经达到HashMap数组长度的75%时,表示HashMap太挤了,需要扩容,而扩容这个过程涉及到 rehash、复制数据等操作,非常消耗性能。,所以开发中尽量减少扩容的次数,可以通过创建HashMap集合对象时指定初始容量来尽量避免。

二进制位运算

根据hash计算具体位置时,算法实际就是取模,hash%length(table长度),但是计算机中直接求余效率不如位运算。所以源码中做了优化,使用 hash&(length-1),而2的n次方实际就是1后面n个0,2的n次方-1 实际就是n个1,因此实际上hash%length==hash&(length-1)

前提是length是2的n次幂

由于这样的设计,出现了:

  • 如果length为2的幂次方,可以保证数据的均匀插入,如果不是2的幂次方,可能数组的一些位置永远不会插入数据,浪费数组的空间,加大hash冲突
  • 在初始化table时,输入的数组长度不是2的幂,HashMap通过一通位移运算和或运算得到的肯定是2的幂次数,并且是大于且离那个数最近的数字,以保证数组长度是2的幂
源码
属性
public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V> implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable {
    // 序列号
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 362498820763181265L;
    // 默认的初始容量是16
    static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4;
    // 最大容量
    static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
    // 默认的填充因子
    static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
    // 当桶(bucket)上的结点数大于这个值时会转成红黑树
    static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
    // 当桶(bucket)上的结点数小于这个值时树转链表
    static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
    // 桶中结构转化为红黑树对应的table的最小大小
    static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
    // 存储元素的数组,总是2的幂次倍
    transient Node<k,v>[] table;
    // 存放具体元素的集
    transient Set<map.entry<k,v>> entrySet;
    // 存放元素的个数,注意这个不等于数组的长度。
    transient int size;
    // 每次扩容和更改map结构的计数器
    transient int modCount;
    // 临界值 当实际大小(容量*填充因子)超过临界值时,会进行扩容
    int threshold;
    // 加载因子
    final float loadFactor;
}
Node节点类
// 继承自 Map.Entry<K,V>
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
       final int hash;// 哈希值,存放元素到hashmap中时用来与其他元素hash值比较
       final K key;//键
       V value;//值
       // 指向下一个节点
       Node<K,V> next;
       Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
            this.hash = hash;
            this.key = key;
            this.value = value;
            this.next = next;
        }
        public final K getKey()        { return key; }
        public final V getValue()      { return value; }
        public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
        // 重写hashCode()方法
        public final int hashCode() {
            return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
        }

        public final V setValue(V newValue) {
            V oldValue = value;
            value = newValue;
            return oldValue;
        }
        // 重写 equals() 方法
        public final boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (o == this)
                return true;
            if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
                Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
                if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
                    Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
                    return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
}

树节点类源码
static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> {
        TreeNode<K,V> parent;  // 父
        TreeNode<K,V> left;    // 左
        TreeNode<K,V> right;   // 右
        TreeNode<K,V> prev;    // needed to unlink next upon deletion
        boolean red;           // 判断颜色
        TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {
            super(hash, key, val, next);
        }
        // 返回根节点
        final TreeNode<K,V> root() {
            for (TreeNode<K,V> r = this, p;;) {
                if ((p = r.parent) == null)
                    return r;
                r = p;
       }
构造方法
    // 默认构造函数。
    public HashMap() {
        this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all   other fields defaulted
     }

     // 从另一个Map集合创建HashMap
     public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
         this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
         putMapEntries(m, false);
     }

     // 指定“容量大小”的构造函数
     public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
         this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
     }

     // 指定“容量大小”和“加载因子”的构造函数
     public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
         if (initialCapacity < 0)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " + initialCapacity);
         if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
             initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
         if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " + loadFactor);
         this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
         this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
     }
final void putMapEntries(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m, boolean evict) {
    int s = m.size();
    if (s > 0) {
        // 判断table是否已经初始化
        if (table == null) { // pre-size
            // 未初始化,s为m的实际元素个数
            float ft = ((float)s / loadFactor) + 1.0F;
            int t = ((ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
                    (int)ft : MAXIMUM_CAPACITY);
            // 计算得到的t大于阈值,则初始化阈值
            if (t > threshold)
                threshold = tableSizeFor(t);
        }
        // 已初始化,并且m元素个数大于阈值,进行扩容处理
        else if (s > threshold)
            resize();
        // 将m中的所有元素添加至HashMap中
        for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
            K key = e.getKey();
            V value = e.getValue();
            putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, evict);
        }
    }
}
tableSizeFor
//获得比cap要大且确保是2的幂次方的一个数
//经过运算会使原整数二进制最高位之后全为1 再+1得2得幂次方,且保证比cap大
static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
    int n = cap - 1;
    n |= n >>> 1;
    n |= n >>> 2;
    n |= n >>> 4;
    n |= n >>> 8;
    n |= n >>> 16;
    return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;


get、geNode

假设桶的数量为n,待插入的元素的key值的哈希值为hash.然后,我们通过求余操作计算 hash % n,假设结果为 t.此时我们就可以往 table[t] 中插入一条新的数据.也就是说通过hash值和桶的数量求余的操作得到要存入的链表的位置.

得到目标链表后,分为两种情况,一个是链表一个是红黑树, 但总归是会遍历寻找和key equals的那个Node节点(主要就两个属性key和value), 如果有这个key, 就将新的value放进去, 否则就在这个链表的后面(红黑树中)插入这个新的Node节点


public V get(Object key){
    Node<K, V> e;
    return (e = getNode(hash(key), key) ) == null ? null : e.value;
}

    final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
            (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
                ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                return first;
            if ((e = first.next) != null) {
                if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                    return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                do {
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        return e;
                } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }
put、putVal

put方法

public V put(K key, V value) {
    return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}

final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                   boolean evict) {
    Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
    // table未初始化或者长度为0,进行扩容
    if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
        n = (tab = resize()).length;
    // (n - 1) & hash 确定元素存放在哪个桶中,桶为空,新生成结点放入桶中(此时,这个结点是放在数组中)
    if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
        tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
    // 桶中已经存在元素
    else {
        Node<K,V> e; K k;
        // 比较桶中第一个元素(数组中的结点)的hash值相等,key相等
        if (p.hash == hash &&
            ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                // 将第一个元素赋值给e,用e来记录
                e = p;
        // hash值不相等,即key不相等;为红黑树结点
        else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
            // 放入树中
            e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
        // 为链表结点
        else {
            // 在链表最末插入结点
            for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                // 到达链表的尾部
                if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                    // 在尾部插入新结点
                    p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                    // 结点数量达到阈值(默认为 8 ),执行 treeifyBin 方法
                    // 这个方法会根据 HashMap 数组来决定是否转换为红黑树。
                    // 只有当数组长度大于或者等于 64 的情况下,才会执行转换红黑树操作,以减少搜索时间。否则,就是只是对数组扩容。
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                        treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                    // 跳出循环
                    break;
                }
                // 判断链表中结点的key值与插入的元素的key值是否相等
                if (e.hash == hash &&
                    ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    // 相等,跳出循环
                    break;
                // 用于遍历桶中的链表,与前面的e = p.next组合,可以遍历链表
                p = e;
            }
        }
        // 表示在桶中找到key值、hash值与插入元素相等的结点
        if (e != null) {
            // 记录e的value
            V oldValue = e.value;
            // onlyIfAbsent为false或者旧值为null
            if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                //用新值替换旧值
                e.value = value;
            // 访问后回调
            afterNodeAccess(e);
            // 返回旧值
            return oldValue;
        }
    }
    // 结构性修改
    ++modCount;
    // 实际大小大于阈值则扩容
    if (++size > threshold)
        resize();
    // 插入后回调
    afterNodeInsertion(evict);
    return null;
}

resize
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
    Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
    int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
    int oldThr = threshold;
    int newCap, newThr = 0;
    if (oldCap > 0) {
        // 超过最大值就不再扩充了,就只好随你碰撞去吧
        if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            return oldTab;
        }
        // 没超过最大值,就扩充为原来的2倍
        else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
            newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
    }
    else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
        newCap = oldThr;
    else {
        // signifies using defaults
        newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
        newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
    }
    // 计算新的resize上限
    if (newThr == 0) {
        float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
        newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ? (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }
    threshold = newThr;
    @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
        Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
    table = newTab;
    if (oldTab != null) {
        // 把每个bucket都移动到新的buckets中
        for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
            Node<K,V> e;
            if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                oldTab[j] = null;
                if (e.next == null)
                    newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                    ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                else {
                    Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                    Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                    Node<K,V> next;
                    do {
                        next = e.next;
                        // 原索引
                        if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                            if (loTail == null)
                                loHead = e;
                            else
                                loTail.next = e;
                            loTail = e;
                        }
                        // 原索引+oldCap
                        else {
                            if (hiTail == null)
                                hiHead = e;
                            else
                                hiTail.next = e;
                            hiTail = e;
                        }
                    } while ((e = next) != null);
                    // 原索引放到bucket里
                    if (loTail != null) {
                        loTail.next = null;
                        newTab[j] = loHead;
                    }
                    // 原索引+oldCap放到bucket里
                    if (hiTail != null) {
                        hiTail.next = null;
                        newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return newTab;
}
treeifyBin
final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int hash) {
    int n, index; Node<K,V> e;
    if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
        resize();
    else if ((e = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
        TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
        do {
            TreeNode<K,V> p = replacementTreeNode(e, null);
            if (tl == null)
                hd = p;
            else {
                p.prev = tl;
                tl.next = p;
            }
            tl = p;
        } while ((e = e.next) != null);
        if ((tab[index] = hd) != null)
            hd.treeify(tab);
    }
}
RBT红黑树
/**
     * Entry for Tree bins. Extends LinkedHashMap.Entry (which in turn
     * extends Node) so can be used as extension of either regular or
     * linked node.
     */
    static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> {
        TreeNode<K,V> parent;  // red-black tree links
        TreeNode<K,V> left;
        TreeNode<K,V> right;
        TreeNode<K,V> prev;    // needed to unlink next upon deletion
        boolean red;
        TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {
            super(hash, key, val, next);
        }

        /**
         * Returns root of tree containing this node.
         */
        final TreeNode<K,V> root() {
            for (TreeNode<K,V> r = this, p;;) {
                if ((p = r.parent) == null)
                    return r;
                r = p;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Ensures that the given root is the first node of its bin.
         */
        static <K,V> void moveRootToFront(Node<K,V>[] tab, TreeNode<K,V> root) {
            int n;
            if (root != null && tab != null && (n = tab.length) > 0) {
                int index = (n - 1) & root.hash;
                TreeNode<K,V> first = (TreeNode<K,V>)tab[index];
                if (root != first) {
                    Node<K,V> rn;
                    tab[index] = root;
                    TreeNode<K,V> rp = root.prev;
                    if ((rn = root.next) != null)
                        ((TreeNode<K,V>)rn).prev = rp;
                    if (rp != null)
                        rp.next = rn;
                    if (first != null)
                        first.prev = root;
                    root.next = first;
                    root.prev = null;
                }
                assert checkInvariants(root);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Finds the node starting at root p with the given hash and key.
         * The kc argument caches comparableClassFor(key) upon first use
         * comparing keys.
         */
        final TreeNode<K,V> find(int h, Object k, Class<?> kc) {
            TreeNode<K,V> p = this;
            do {
                int ph, dir; K pk;
                TreeNode<K,V> pl = p.left, pr = p.right, q;
                if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
                    p = pl;
                else if (ph < h)
                    p = pr;
                else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
                    return p;
                else if (pl == null)
                    p = pr;
                else if (pr == null)
                    p = pl;
                else if ((kc != null ||
                          (kc = comparableClassFor(k)) != null) &&
                         (dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) != 0)
                    p = (dir < 0) ? pl : pr;
                else if ((q = pr.find(h, k, kc)) != null)
                    return q;
                else
                    p = pl;
            } while (p != null);
            return null;
        }

        /**
         * Calls find for root node.
         */
        final TreeNode<K,V> getTreeNode(int h, Object k) {
            return ((parent != null) ? root() : this).find(h, k, null);
        }

        /**
         * Tie-breaking utility for ordering insertions when equal
         * hashCodes and non-comparable. We don't require a total
         * order, just a consistent insertion rule to maintain
         * equivalence across rebalancings. Tie-breaking further than
         * necessary simplifies testing a bit.
         */
        static int tieBreakOrder(Object a, Object b) {
            int d;
            if (a == null || b == null ||
                (d = a.getClass().getName().
                 compareTo(b.getClass().getName())) == 0)
                d = (System.identityHashCode(a) <= System.identityHashCode(b) ?
                     -1 : 1);
            return d;
        }

        /**
         * Forms tree of the nodes linked from this node.
         */
        final void treeify(Node<K,V>[] tab) {
            TreeNode<K,V> root = null;
            for (TreeNode<K,V> x = this, next; x != null; x = next) {
                next = (TreeNode<K,V>)x.next;
                x.left = x.right = null;
                if (root == null) {
                    x.parent = null;
                    x.red = false;
                    root = x;
                }
                else {
                    K k = x.key;
                    int h = x.hash;
                    Class<?> kc = null;
                    for (TreeNode<K,V> p = root;;) {
                        int dir, ph;
                        K pk = p.key;
                        if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
                            dir = -1;
                        else if (ph < h)
                            dir = 1;
                        else if ((kc == null &&
                                  (kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
                                 (dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0)
                            dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);

                        TreeNode<K,V> xp = p;
                        if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
                            x.parent = xp;
                            if (dir <= 0)
                                xp.left = x;
                            else
                                xp.right = x;
                            root = balanceInsertion(root, x);
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            moveRootToFront(tab, root);
        }

        /**
         * Returns a list of non-TreeNodes replacing those linked from
         * this node.
         */
        final Node<K,V> untreeify(HashMap<K,V> map) {
            Node<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
            for (Node<K,V> q = this; q != null; q = q.next) {
                Node<K,V> p = map.replacementNode(q, null);
                if (tl == null)
                    hd = p;
                else
                    tl.next = p;
                tl = p;
            }
            return hd;
        }

        /**
         * Tree version of putVal.
         */
        final TreeNode<K,V> putTreeVal(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab,
                                       int h, K k, V v) {
            Class<?> kc = null;
            boolean searched = false;
            TreeNode<K,V> root = (parent != null) ? root() : this;
            for (TreeNode<K,V> p = root;;) {
                int dir, ph; K pk;
                if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
                    dir = -1;
                else if (ph < h)
                    dir = 1;
                else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
                    return p;
                else if ((kc == null &&
                          (kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
                         (dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0) {
                    if (!searched) {
                        TreeNode<K,V> q, ch;
                        searched = true;
                        if (((ch = p.left) != null &&
                             (q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null) ||
                            ((ch = p.right) != null &&
                             (q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null))
                            return q;
                    }
                    dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
                }

                TreeNode<K,V> xp = p;
                if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
                    Node<K,V> xpn = xp.next;
                    TreeNode<K,V> x = map.newTreeNode(h, k, v, xpn);
                    if (dir <= 0)
                        xp.left = x;
                    else
                        xp.right = x;
                    xp.next = x;
                    x.parent = x.prev = xp;
                    if (xpn != null)
                        ((TreeNode<K,V>)xpn).prev = x;
                    moveRootToFront(tab, balanceInsertion(root, x));
                    return null;
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Removes the given node, that must be present before this call.
         * This is messier than typical red-black deletion code because we
         * cannot swap the contents of an interior node with a leaf
         * successor that is pinned by "next" pointers that are accessible
         * independently during traversal. So instead we swap the tree
         * linkages. If the current tree appears to have too few nodes,
         * the bin is converted back to a plain bin. (The test triggers
         * somewhere between 2 and 6 nodes, depending on tree structure).
         */
        final void removeTreeNode(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab,
                                  boolean movable) {
            int n;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
                return;
            int index = (n - 1) & hash;
            TreeNode<K,V> first = (TreeNode<K,V>)tab[index], root = first, rl;
            TreeNode<K,V> succ = (TreeNode<K,V>)next, pred = prev;
            if (pred == null)
                tab[index] = first = succ;
            else
                pred.next = succ;
            if (succ != null)
                succ.prev = pred;
            if (first == null)
                return;
            if (root.parent != null)
                root = root.root();
            if (root == null
                || (movable
                    && (root.right == null
                        || (rl = root.left) == null
                        || rl.left == null))) {
                tab[index] = first.untreeify(map);  // too small
                return;
            }
            TreeNode<K,V> p = this, pl = left, pr = right, replacement;
            if (pl != null && pr != null) {
                TreeNode<K,V> s = pr, sl;
                while ((sl = s.left) != null) // find successor
                    s = sl;
                boolean c = s.red; s.red = p.red; p.red = c; // swap colors
                TreeNode<K,V> sr = s.right;
                TreeNode<K,V> pp = p.parent;
                if (s == pr) { // p was s's direct parent
                    p.parent = s;
                    s.right = p;
                }
                else {
                    TreeNode<K,V> sp = s.parent;
                    if ((p.parent = sp) != null) {
                        if (s == sp.left)
                            sp.left = p;
                        else
                            sp.right = p;
                    }
                    if ((s.right = pr) != null)
                        pr.parent = s;
                }
                p.left = null;
                if ((p.right = sr) != null)
                    sr.parent = p;
                if ((s.left = pl) != null)
                    pl.parent = s;
                if ((s.parent = pp) == null)
                    root = s;
                else if (p == pp.left)
                    pp.left = s;
                else
                    pp.right = s;
                if (sr != null)
                    replacement = sr;
                else
                    replacement = p;
            }
            else if (pl != null)
                replacement = pl;
            else if (pr != null)
                replacement = pr;
            else
                replacement = p;
            if (replacement != p) {
                TreeNode<K,V> pp = replacement.parent = p.parent;
                if (pp == null)
                    root = replacement;
                else if (p == pp.left)
                    pp.left = replacement;
                else
                    pp.right = replacement;
                p.left = p.right = p.parent = null;
            }

            TreeNode<K,V> r = p.red ? root : balanceDeletion(root, replacement);

            if (replacement == p) {  // detach
                TreeNode<K,V> pp = p.parent;
                p.parent = null;
                if (pp != null) {
                    if (p == pp.left)
                        pp.left = null;
                    else if (p == pp.right)
                        pp.right = null;
                }
            }
            if (movable)
                moveRootToFront(tab, r);
        }

        /**
         * Splits nodes in a tree bin into lower and upper tree bins,
         * or untreeifies if now too small. Called only from resize;
         * see above discussion about split bits and indices.
         *
         * @param map the map
         * @param tab the table for recording bin heads
         * @param index the index of the table being split
         * @param bit the bit of hash to split on
         */
        final void split(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab, int index, int bit) {
            TreeNode<K,V> b = this;
            // Relink into lo and hi lists, preserving order
            TreeNode<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
            TreeNode<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
            int lc = 0, hc = 0;
            for (TreeNode<K,V> e = b, next; e != null; e = next) {
                next = (TreeNode<K,V>)e.next;
                e.next = null;
                if ((e.hash & bit) == 0) {
                    if ((e.prev = loTail) == null)
                        loHead = e;
                    else
                        loTail.next = e;
                    loTail = e;
                    ++lc;
                }
                else {
                    if ((e.prev = hiTail) == null)
                        hiHead = e;
                    else
                        hiTail.next = e;
                    hiTail = e;
                    ++hc;
                }
            }

            if (loHead != null) {
                if (lc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                    tab[index] = loHead.untreeify(map);
                else {
                    tab[index] = loHead;
                    if (hiHead != null) // (else is already treeified)
                        loHead.treeify(tab);
                }
            }
            if (hiHead != null) {
                if (hc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                    tab[index + bit] = hiHead.untreeify(map);
                else {
                    tab[index + bit] = hiHead;
                    if (loHead != null)
                        hiHead.treeify(tab);
                }
            }
        }

        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        // Red-black tree methods, all adapted from CLR

        static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> rotateLeft(TreeNode<K,V> root,
                                              TreeNode<K,V> p) {
            TreeNode<K,V> r, pp, rl;
            if (p != null && (r = p.right) != null) {
                if ((rl = p.right = r.left) != null)
                    rl.parent = p;
                if ((pp = r.parent = p.parent) == null)
                    (root = r).red = false;
                else if (pp.left == p)
                    pp.left = r;
                else
                    pp.right = r;
                r.left = p;
                p.parent = r;
            }
            return root;
        }

        static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> rotateRight(TreeNode<K,V> root,
                                               TreeNode<K,V> p) {
            TreeNode<K,V> l, pp, lr;
            if (p != null && (l = p.left) != null) {
                if ((lr = p.left = l.right) != null)
                    lr.parent = p;
                if ((pp = l.parent = p.parent) == null)
                    (root = l).red = false;
                else if (pp.right == p)
                    pp.right = l;
                else
                    pp.left = l;
                l.right = p;
                p.parent = l;
            }
            return root;
        }

        static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> balanceInsertion(TreeNode<K,V> root,
                                                    TreeNode<K,V> x) {
            x.red = true;
            for (TreeNode<K,V> xp, xpp, xppl, xppr;;) {
                if ((xp = x.parent) == null) {
                    x.red = false;
                    return x;
                }
                else if (!xp.red || (xpp = xp.parent) == null)
                    return root;
                if (xp == (xppl = xpp.left)) {
                    if ((xppr = xpp.right) != null && xppr.red) {
                        xppr.red = false;
                        xp.red = false;
                        xpp.red = true;
                        x = xpp;
                    }
                    else {
                        if (x == xp.right) {
                            root = rotateLeft(root, x = xp);
                            xpp = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.parent;
                        }
                        if (xp != null) {
                            xp.red = false;
                            if (xpp != null) {
                                xpp.red = true;
                                root = rotateRight(root, xpp);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                else {
                    if (xppl != null && xppl.red) {
                        xppl.red = false;
                        xp.red = false;
                        xpp.red = true;
                        x = xpp;
                    }
                    else {
                        if (x == xp.left) {
                            root = rotateRight(root, x = xp);
                            xpp = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.parent;
                        }
                        if (xp != null) {
                            xp.red = false;
                            if (xpp != null) {
                                xpp.red = true;
                                root = rotateLeft(root, xpp);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> balanceDeletion(TreeNode<K,V> root,
                                                   TreeNode<K,V> x) {
            for (TreeNode<K,V> xp, xpl, xpr;;) {
                if (x == null || x == root)
                    return root;
                else if ((xp = x.parent) == null) {
                    x.red = false;
                    return x;
                }
                else if (x.red) {
                    x.red = false;
                    return root;
                }
                else if ((xpl = xp.left) == x) {
                    if ((xpr = xp.right) != null && xpr.red) {
                        xpr.red = false;
                        xp.red = true;
                        root = rotateLeft(root, xp);
                        xpr = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.right;
                    }
                    if (xpr == null)
                        x = xp;
                    else {
                        TreeNode<K,V> sl = xpr.left, sr = xpr.right;
                        if ((sr == null || !sr.red) &&
                            (sl == null || !sl.red)) {
                            xpr.red = true;
                            x = xp;
                        }
                        else {
                            if (sr == null || !sr.red) {
                                if (sl != null)
                                    sl.red = false;
                                xpr.red = true;
                                root = rotateRight(root, xpr);
                                xpr = (xp = x.parent) == null ?
                                    null : xp.right;
                            }
                            if (xpr != null) {
                                xpr.red = (xp == null) ? false : xp.red;
                                if ((sr = xpr.right) != null)
                                    sr.red = false;
                            }
                            if (xp != null) {
                                xp.red = false;
                                root = rotateLeft(root, xp);
                            }
                            x = root;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else { // symmetric
                    if (xpl != null && xpl.red) {
                        xpl.red = false;
                        xp.red = true;
                        root = rotateRight(root, xp);
                        xpl = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.left;
                    }
                    if (xpl == null)
                        x = xp;
                    else {
                        TreeNode<K,V> sl = xpl.left, sr = xpl.right;
                        if ((sl == null || !sl.red) &&
                            (sr == null || !sr.red)) {
                            xpl.red = true;
                            x = xp;
                        }
                        else {
                            if (sl == null || !sl.red) {
                                if (sr != null)
                                    sr.red = false;
                                xpl.red = true;
                                root = rotateLeft(root, xpl);
                                xpl = (xp = x.parent) == null ?
                                    null : xp.left;
                            }
                            if (xpl != null) {
                                xpl.red = (xp == null) ? false : xp.red;
                                if ((sl = xpl.left) != null)
                                    sl.red = false;
                            }
                            if (xp != null) {
                                xp.red = false;
                                root = rotateRight(root, xp);
                            }
                            x = root;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Recursive invariant check
         */
        static <K,V> boolean checkInvariants(TreeNode<K,V> t) {
            TreeNode<K,V> tp = t.parent, tl = t.left, tr = t.right,
                tb = t.prev, tn = (TreeNode<K,V>)t.next;
            if (tb != null && tb.next != t)
                return false;
            if (tn != null && tn.prev != t)
                return false;
            if (tp != null && t != tp.left && t != tp.right)
                return false;
            if (tl != null && (tl.parent != t || tl.hash > t.hash))
                return false;
            if (tr != null && (tr.parent != t || tr.hash < t.hash))
                return false;
            if (t.red && tl != null && tl.red && tr != null && tr.red)
                return false;
            if (tl != null && !checkInvariants(tl))
                return false;
            if (tr != null && !checkInvariants(tr))
                return false;
            return true;
        }
    }

TreeMap

  • TreeMap实现了NavigableMap接口,而NavigableMap接口继承着SortedMap接口,致使我们的TreeMap是有序的
  • TreeMap底层是红黑树,它方法的时间复杂度都不会太高:log(n)~
  • 非同步
  • 使用Comparator或者Comparable来比较key是否相等与排序的问题
//
private final Comparator<? super K> comparator;
//root and size of BRTree 
private transient Entry<K, V> root;
private transient int size = 0;
//结构性修改的次数
private transient int modCount = 0;

public TreeMap(){
    comparator = null;
}

public TreeMap(Comparator <? super K> comparator ){
    this.comparator = comparator;
}

public TreeMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m ){
    this.comparator = null;
    putAll(m);
}

public TreeMap(SortedMap<K, ? extends V > m){
    comparator = m.comparator();
    try{
        buildFormSorted(m.size(), m.entrySet().iterator(), str:null. defaultVal:null);
    }catch(java.io.IOException cannotHappen){
        catch( ClassNotFountException cannotHappen){
        }
    }
}


put()
get()
remove()

WeakHashMap

ConcurrentHashMap

Properties

Properties 继承于 Hashtable,表示一个持久的属性集,属性列表中每个键及其对应值都是一个字符串

迭代器

提供了遍历容器中元素的方法。只有容器本身清楚容器里元素的组织方式,因此迭代器只能通过容器本身得到。每个容器都会通过内部类的形式实现自己的迭代器。

public interface Iterator<E>{

    boolean hasNext();
    E next();
    void remove();
}

比较器