Partial & Required
Partial
译为 部分的/局部的/不完全的, 作用是将一个接口的所有参数变为非必填Required
译为必须的, 作用是将一个接口中所有非必填参数 变为必填,Required<T>
的作用就是将某个类型里的属性全部变为必选项。
ts中的声明
/**
* Make all properties in T optional
*/
type Partial<T> = {
[P in keyof T]?: T[P];
};
/**
* Make all properties in T required
*/
type Required<T> = {
[P in keyof T]-?: T[P];
};
Partial用法示例
type Person = {
name: string;
age: number;
}
// 直接使用初始化所有参数都是必填
let tom:Person = {
name: 'tom',
age: 20
};
// 使用Partial将Person中所有的参数变为非必填
type PartialPerson = Partial<Person>;
let partialPerson: PartialPerson = {
name: 'tom'
};
特殊的情况
type Person = {
name: string;
age: number;
contact: {
email: string;
phone: number;
wechat: string;
}
}
type PartialPerson = Partial<Person>;
// 可以看出来 第一层属性都变成了非必填 第二层都没变
let partialPerson: PartialPerson = {
name: 'tom',
contact: { // error
email: 'goodboyb@qq.com'
}
};
// 再来看看ts内部类型的定义
/**
* Make all properties in T optional
*/
type Partial<T> = {
[P in keyof T]?: T[P];
};
// 可以看出来并没有考虑内层
// 稍微改造一下
/**
* Make all properties in T optional
*/
type DeepPartial<T> = {
[P in keyof T]?: T[P] extends Object ? DeepPartial<T[P]> : T[P];
}
// 现在针对那种特殊情况就能处理了
Required 用法示例
interface User {
id: number;
age: number;
}
type PartialUser = Partial<User>;
// type PartialUser = {
// id?: number;
// age?: number;
// }
type PickUser = Required<PartialUser>;
// type PickUser = {
// id: number;
// age: number;
// }
Record
Record
译为 记录/记载, 作用是将一个类型的所有属性值都映射到另一个类型上并创造一个新的类型
ts中的声明
/**
* Construct a type with a set of properties K of type T
*/
type Record<K extends keyof any, T> = {
[P in K]: T;
};
看类型的定义就可以看出来,将K中的每个属性([P in K]),都转为T类型, K可以是联合类型、对象、枚举…
type petsGroup = 'dog' | 'cat' | 'fish';
type numOrStr = number | string;
type IPets = Record<petsGroup, numOrStr>;
// type IPets = {
// dog: numOrStr;
// cat: numOrStr;
// fish: numOrStr;
// }
Pick
Pick
译为挑选/选择, 作用是从一个复合类型中,取出几个想要的类型的组合一个新的类型
ts中的声明
/**
* From T, pick a set of properties whose keys are in the union K
*/
type Pick<T, K extends keyof T> = {
[P in K]: T[P];
};
K extends keyof T
的作用是约束K的key在T的key中,不能超出这个范围,否则会报错的
keyof
- keyof 用于获取某种类型的所有键,其返回类型是联合类型
// keyof 用于获取某种类型的所有键,其返回类型是联合类型
interface B {
id: number;
name: string;
age: number;
}
type B1 = keyof B;
// type B1 = "id" | "name" | "age"
extends
这里的extends并不是用来继承的, 而是用来限制类型
// 对象extends
type T = {
id: number;
name: string;
}
type K = {
id: number;
}
type IType = K extends T ? K : T;
// type IType = {
// id: number;
// name: string;
// }
// 此处 K extends T 限制K中必须有T的所有属性, 通俗点说就是T必须是K的子集
// 联合类型extends
type T = "id" | "name";
type K = "id";
type IType = K extends T ? K : T;
// type IType = "id"
// 此处限制为K必须包含于T,通俗点说就是K是T的子集
使用Pick
挑选属性组成新的类型
interface B {
id: number;
name: string;
age: number;
}
type PickB = Pick<B, "id" | "name">;
// type PickB = {
// id: number;
// name: string;
// }
Exclude
Exclude
译为排除/不包括, Exclude<T, U>
表示从T中排除那些可分配给U的类型, 简单点说就是将 T 中某些属于 U 的类型移除掉。也可理解为取补集
ts中的声明
/**
* Exclude from T those types that are assignable to U
*/
type Exclude<T, U> = T extends U ? never : T;
例
// 例子1
type T = {
name: string
age: number
}
type U = {
name: string
}
type IType = Exclude<keyof T, keyof U>
// type IType = "age"
type T0 = Exclude<"a" | "b" | "c", "a" | "b">
// type T0 = "c"
type T1 = Exclude<"a" | "b" | "c", "a" | "b" | 's'>
// type T1 = "c"
Extract
Extract
译为提取, Extract<T, U>
从T中提取那些可分配给U的类型, 简单点说就是提取T中,U也有的元素,也可理解为取交集
ts中的定义
/**
* Extract from T those types that are assignable to U
*/
type Extract<T, U> = T extends U ? T : never;
例
type T0 = Extract<"a" | "b" | "c", "a" | "f">
// type T0 = "a"
type T = {
name: string
age: number
}
type U = {
name: string
}
type IType = Extract<keyof T, keyof U>
// type IType = "name"
ConstructorParameters
ConstructorParameters
译为构造函数参数, 获取元组中构造函数类型的参数
ts中的声明
/**
* Obtain the parameters of a constructor function type in a tuple
*/
type ConstructorParameters<T extends new (...args: any) => any> = T extends new (...args: infer P) => any ? P : never;
可以用来获取类的参数类型组成的元组类型
class People {
name: string
age: number
constructor(name: string) {
this.name = name;
}
}
type IType = ConstructorParameters<typeof People>
// type IType = [name: string]
// 注意这里typeof操作是取类型的作用
infer
表示在 extends 条件语句中待推断的类型变量
// 例子1
// 若T是Array类型,则返回T的泛型,否则返回never类型
type Union<T> = T extends Array<infer U> ? U: never
type a = {
name: string
}
type b = string[]
type c = Union<b>
// type c = string
type d = Union<a>
// type d = never
// 例子2
// 若T满足(param: infer P) => any,则返回函数入参的类型,否则直接返回T
type ParamType<T> = T extends (param: infer P) => any ? P: T;
interface IDog {
name: string;
age:number;
}
type Func = (dog:IDog) => void;
type Param = ParamType<Func>; // IDog
type TypeString = ParamType<string> //string
理解了infer
我们在回来看ts中ConstructorParameters
的声明
type ConstructorParameters<T extends new (...args: any) => any> = T extends new (...args: infer P) => any ? P : never;
// T extends new (...args: any) => any 首先给T加了个约束 必须满足new (...args: any) => any 也就是说T必须是构造函数类型
// T extends new (...args: infer P) => any ? P : never
// T若满足new (...args: any) => any 则返回所有入参的类型, 否则返回never
InstanceType
InstanceType
译为实例类型, 用来获取构造函数的返回类型
ts中的定义
/**
* Obtain the return type of a constructor function type
*/
type InstanceType<T extends new (...args: any) => any> = T extends new (...args: any) => infer R ? R : any;
例
class People {
name: string
age: number
constructor(name: string) {
this.name = name;
}
}
type IType = InstanceType<typeof People>
// type IType = People
// 因为constructor默认返回this
// constructor People(name: string): People
NonNullable
NonNullable
译为不可为空, NonNullable<T>
从T中排除null和undefined
ts 中的定义
/**
* Exclude null and undefined from T
*/
type NonNullable<T> = T extends null | undefined ? never : T;
例
type example = NonNullable<string | number | undefined>
// type example = string | number
Parameters & ReturnType
Parameters
用来获取函数参数的类型ReturnType
用来获取函数返回值类型
ts中的定义
/**
* Obtain the parameters of a function type in a tuple
*/
type Parameters<T extends (...args: any) => any> = T extends (...args: infer P) => any ? P : never;
/**
* Obtain the return type of a function type
*/
type ReturnType<T extends (...args: any) => any> = T extends (...args: any) => infer R ? R : any;
定义时写的很明确,不过多赘述
例
type IFoo = (
uname: string,
uage: number
) => {
name: string;
age: number;
};
//参数类型
type Ibar = Parameters<IFoo>;
// type Ibar = [uname: string, uage: number]
type T0 = ReturnType<IFoo>;
// type T0 = {
// name: string;
// age: number;
// }
readonly & ReadonlyArray
readonly
只读 被readonly
标记的属性只能在声明时或类的构造函数中赋值,之后将不可改(即只读属性)。ReadonlyArray
同理, 只读数组
interface ReadonlyArray<T> {
/** Iterator of values in the array. */
[Symbol.iterator](): IterableIterator<T>;
/**
* Returns an iterable of key, value pairs for every entry in the array
*/
entries(): IterableIterator<[number, T]>;
/**
* Returns an iterable of keys in the array
*/
keys(): IterableIterator<number>;
/**
* Returns an iterable of values in the array
*/
values(): IterableIterator<T>;
}
例
interface Person {
readonly id: number;
}
const data: Person = {
id: 456,
};
data.id = 789;
// 无法分配到 "id" ,因为它是只读属性。ts(2540)
const arr: number[] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
let ro: ReadonlyArray<number> = arr;
ro.push(444);
// 类型“readonly number[]”上不存在属性“push”。ts(2339)
总结
ts中有很多特性都可以在lib.es5.ts
中去查看, 里面定义的接口和类型非常多,主要是理解ts定义的套路,就能举一反三,