Android视图体系—View的事件分发机制

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前言

View作为Android应用与用户交互入口,除了展示视图外,还承担了处理用户操作的任务,比如用户的点击、长按、滑动事件等。处理点击事件的机制就是View的事件分发机制。

View的事件分发机制

当用户点击屏幕时,就会产生点击事件,这个事件信息被封装在一个类中,这个类就是MotionEvent。事件产生后Android系统会将事件传递到View的层级中,然后MotionEvent就会在View的层级中传递分发。

在View的分发机制中会设计到三个重要的方法,这三个方法承担了View事件机制的处理任务。它们分别是:

  • dispatchTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev)—对事件进行分发。
  • onInterceptTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev)—用来拦截事件,在dispatchTouchEvent中调用,这个方法存在于ViewGroup中。
  • onTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev)—用来处理事件

View点击事件的发生

当点击事件发生后,事件首先会传递到当前的Activity中,这个过程调用了Activity的dispatchTouchEvent方法。

public boolean dispatchTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) {
        if (ev.getAction() == MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN) {
            onUserInteraction(); //空方法,用于重写回调
        }
        //调用当前Window的superDispatchTouchEvent方法
        if (getWindow().superDispatchTouchEvent(ev)) {
            return true;
        }
        //调用Activity的onTouchEvent方法
        return onTouchEvent(ev);
    }
//PhoneWindow中的方法
public boolean superDispatchTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
        return mDecor.superDispatchTouchEvent(event);
    }
    
public boolean superDispatchTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
	//调用ViewGroup中的dispatchTouchEvent方法
        return super.dispatchTouchEvent(event);
    }

可以看到当事件产生后,首先在当前Activity中会进行事件拦截,如果当前Window不拦截就会调用Activity的onTouchEvent方法。

事件分发开始

同时,我们可以看到在PhoneWindow中会调用DecorView的superDispatchTouchEvent方法。这个方法又调用了dispatchTouchEvent方法。这是就开始了View层级的事件分发。

从上面的代码中可以看到。在View层级中,事件处理从ViewGroup的dispatchTouchEvent方法开始。我们开始从这里分析。

public boolean dispatchTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) {
	   //......
        boolean handled = false;
        if (onFilterTouchEventForSecurity(ev)) {
            final int action = ev.getAction();
            final int actionMasked = action & MotionEvent.ACTION_MASK;

            // Handle an initial down.
            //一个完整的事件从DOWN事件开始,UP事件结束
            if (actionMasked == MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN) {
                // 重置触摸状态,因为程序可能由于切换、ANR或者某些其他状态改变。框架已经删除了up和cancel事件
                cancelAndClearTouchTargets(ev);
                //重置状态
                resetTouchState();
            }

            // Check for interception.
            //检查是否有拦截事件
            final boolean intercepted;
            if (actionMasked == MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN  || mFirstTouchTarget != null) {
                //这个标志也跟requestDisallowInterceptTouchEvent有关,通过此函数设置标志可以另子View决定父容器是否拦截子View事件
                final boolean disallowIntercept = (mGroupFlags & FLAG_DISALLOW_INTERCEPT) != 0;
                if (!disallowIntercept) {
                	//调用onInterceptTouchEvent拦截事件
                    intercepted = onInterceptTouchEvent(ev);
                    ev.setAction(action); // restore action in case it was changed
                } else {
                    intercepted = false;
                }
            } else {
                // There are no touch targets and this action is not an initial down
                // so this view group continues to intercept touches.
                intercepted = true;
            }
             //......
            // Update list of touch targets for pointer down, if needed.
            final boolean split = (mGroupFlags & FLAG_SPLIT_MOTION_EVENTS) != 0;
            TouchTarget newTouchTarget = null;
            boolean alreadyDispatchedToNewTouchTarget = false;
            if (!canceled && !intercepted) {
                //不拦截事件,继续分发事件
                View childWithAccessibilityFocus = ev.isTargetAccessibilityFocus()
                        ? findChildWithAccessibilityFocus() : null;

                if (actionMasked == MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN
                        || (split && actionMasked == MotionEvent.ACTION_POINTER_DOWN)
                        || actionMasked == MotionEvent.ACTION_HOVER_MOVE) {
                    final int actionIndex = ev.getActionIndex(); // always 0 for down
                    final int idBitsToAssign = split ? 1 << ev.getPointerId(actionIndex)  : TouchTarget.ALL_POINTER_IDS;

                   //......
                    final int childrenCount = mChildrenCount;
                    if (newTouchTarget == null && childrenCount != 0) {
                        final float x = ev.getX(actionIndex);
                        final float y = ev.getY(actionIndex);
                        // Find a child that can receive the event.
                        // Scan children from front to back.
                        final ArrayList<View> preorderedList = buildTouchDispatchChildList();
                        final boolean customOrder = preorderedList == null
                                && isChildrenDrawingOrderEnabled();
                        final View[] children = mChildren;
                        //遍历子View
                        for (int i = childrenCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                            final int childIndex = getAndVerifyPreorderedIndex(
                                    childrenCount, i, customOrder);
                            //获取点击范围内的字View
                            final View child = getAndVerifyPreorderedView(
                                    preorderedList, children, childIndex);
                            if (childWithAccessibilityFocus != null) {
                                if (childWithAccessibilityFocus != child) {
                                    continue;
                                }
                                childWithAccessibilityFocus = null;
                                i = childrenCount - 1;
                            }

                            if (!canViewReceivePointerEvents(child)
                                    || !isTransformedTouchPointInView(x, y, child, null)) {
                                ev.setTargetAccessibilityFocus(false);
                                continue;
                            //获取touchTarget
                            newTouchTarget = getTouchTarget(child);
                            if (newTouchTarget != null) {
                                // Child is already receiving touch within its bounds.
                                // Give it the new pointer in addition to the ones it is handling.
                                newTouchTarget.pointerIdBits |= idBitsToAssign;
                                break;
                            }

                            resetCancelNextUpFlag(child);
                            if (dispatchTransformedTouchEvent(ev, false, child, idBitsToAssign)) {
                                // Child wants to receive touch within its bounds.
                                mLastTouchDownTime = ev.getDownTime();
                                if (preorderedList != null) {
                                    // childIndex points into presorted list, find original index
                                    for (int j = 0; j < childrenCount; j++) {
                                        if (children[childIndex] == mChildren[j]) {
                                            mLastTouchDownIndex = j;
                                            break;
                                        }
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    mLastTouchDownIndex = childIndex;
                                }
                                mLastTouchDownX = ev.getX();
                                mLastTouchDownY = ev.getY();
                                newTouchTarget = addTouchTarget(child, idBitsToAssign);
                                alreadyDispatchedToNewTouchTarget = true;
                                break;
                            }
                            //......
                        }
                        if (preorderedList != null) preorderedList.clear();
                    }
                    //......
                }
            }
            // Dispatch to touch targets.
            if (mFirstTouchTarget == null) {
                // No touch targets so treat this as an ordinary view.
                //父容器拦截事件情况下对事件进行分发,分发到父容器
                handled = dispatchTransformedTouchEvent(ev, canceled, null,
                        TouchTarget.ALL_POINTER_IDS);
            } else {
                TouchTarget predecessor = null;
                TouchTarget target = mFirstTouchTarget;
                while (target != null) {
                    final TouchTarget next = target.next;
                    if (alreadyDispatchedToNewTouchTarget && target == newTouchTarget) {
                        handled = true;
                    } else {
                        final boolean cancelChild = resetCancelNextUpFlag(target.child)
                                || intercepted;
                        //父容器不拦截情况下,分发事件到对应的子View
                        if (dispatchTransformedTouchEvent(ev, cancelChild,
                                target.child, target.pointerIdBits)) {
                            handled = true;
                        }
                       //......
                    predecessor = target;
                    target = next;
                }
            }
        //......
        return handled;
    }

从代码中可以看到,事件分发的情况分为两种,一种是如果父容器不拦截事件,就把事件分发到对应的子View;另一种是父容器拦截事件,事件交由自己处理。在第一种情况下,ViewGroup会遍历子View,判断子View是否在点击区域内,如果是就将事件交由子View分发。第二种情况下,ViewGroup拦截事件。这个两种情况最终都会调用dispatchTransformedTouchEvent方法。接下来分析这个方法的作用。

//最终分发事件的方法
private boolean dispatchTransformedTouchEvent(MotionEvent event, boolean cancel,
            View child, int desiredPointerIdBits) {
        final boolean handled;
       //......省略部分代码
        // Perform any necessary transformations and dispatch.
        if (child == null) {
            //父容器拦截事件,调用View中的dispatchTouchEvent
            handled = super.dispatchTouchEvent(transformedEvent);
        } else {
            final float offsetX = mScrollX - child.mLeft;
            final float offsetY = mScrollY - child.mTop;
            transformedEvent.offsetLocation(offsetX, offsetY);
            if (! child.hasIdentityMatrix()) {
                transformedEvent.transform(child.getInverseMatrix());
            }
            //父容器不拦截事件,将事件分发到子View中
            handled = child.dispatchTouchEvent(transformedEvent);
        }

        // Done.
        transformedEvent.recycle();
        return handled;
    }

从代码中可以看到,这个实现了刚才ViewGroup中分发事件的两种情况,父容器拦截以及不拦截。拦截的情况下child就为null,这个时候调用View的dispatchTouchEvent方法。不拦截的情况下调用child的dispatchTouchEvent方法。我们再来分析下View中的dispatchTouchEvent方法。

public boolean dispatchTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
        //.......此处省略部分代码
        if (onFilterTouchEventForSecurity(event)) {
            if ((mViewFlags & ENABLED_MASK) == ENABLED && handleScrollBarDragging(event)) {
                result = true;
            }
            //noinspection SimplifiableIfStatement
            ListenerInfo li = mListenerInfo;
            if (li != null && li.mOnTouchListener != null
                    && (mViewFlags & ENABLED_MASK) == ENABLED
                    && li.mOnTouchListener.onTouch(this, event)) {
                result = true;
            }

            if (!result && onTouchEvent(event)) {
                result = true;
            }
        }
        //......
        return result;
    }

从代码中可以看到,在View的dispatchTouchEvent方法中,如果OnTouchListener不为null,就优先调用OnTouchListener的onTouch方法,并且会返回true,表示该事件被消耗。否则会调用onTouchEvent方法。在这里我们只分析onTouchEvent方法。

public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
        //......
        final boolean clickable = ((viewFlags & CLICKABLE) == CLICKABLE
                || (viewFlags & LONG_CLICKABLE) == LONG_CLICKABLE)
                || (viewFlags & CONTEXT_CLICKABLE) == CONTEXT_CLICKABLE;
        //如果View可以点击,处理点击事件
        if (clickable || (viewFlags & TOOLTIP) == TOOLTIP) {
            switch (action) {
                //处理UP事件
                case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP:
                    mPrivateFlags3 &= ~PFLAG3_FINGER_DOWN;
                    if (!clickable) {
                       //取消长按事件
                        removeLongPressCallback();
                        break;
                    }
                    boolean prepressed = (mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_PREPRESSED) != 0;
                    if ((mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_PRESSED) != 0 || prepressed) {
                        //获取焦点
                        boolean focusTaken = false;
                        if (isFocusable() && isFocusableInTouchMode() && !isFocused()) {
                            focusTaken = requestFocus();
                        }
                        if (!mHasPerformedLongPress && !mIgnoreNextUpEvent) {
                            // This is a tap, so remove the longpress check
                            removeLongPressCallback();
                            if (!focusTaken) {
                                if (mPerformClick == null) {
                                    mPerformClick = new PerformClick();
                                }
                                if (!post(mPerformClick)) {
                                    //处理点击事件
                                    performClick();
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    mIgnoreNextUpEvent = false;
                    break;
		        //处理DOWN事件
                case MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN:
                    mHasPerformedLongPress = false;
                    if (!clickable) {
                        checkForLongClick(0, x, y);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (isInScrollingContainer) {
                        mPrivateFlags |= PFLAG_PREPRESSED;
                        if (mPendingCheckForTap == null) {
                            mPendingCheckForTap = new CheckForTap();
                        }
                        mPendingCheckForTap.x = event.getX();
                        mPendingCheckForTap.y = event.getY();
                        postDelayed(mPendingCheckForTap, ViewConfiguration.getTapTimeout());
                    } else {
                        // Not inside a scrolling container, so show the feedback right away
                        setPressed(true, x, y);
                        checkForLongClick(0, x, y);
                    }
                    break;
                case MotionEvent.ACTION_CANCEL:
                    //......
                    break;
                case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE:
                    //......
                    break;
            }
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

从代码中可以看到,onTouchEvent处理了分发过来的事件。事件类型有ACTION_UP、ACTION_DOWN、ACTION_MOVE、ACTION_CANCEL。onTouchEvent处理事件的前提是View是可点击的。其中当View注册了OnCLickListener和onLongClickLinster即为可点击的。可以看到处理点击事件是在ACTION_UP中处理的,通过调用perfromClick方法实现,当调用点击事件时,说明长按事件未到达长按的时间。而长按事件是在ACTION_DOWN中实现的,通过checkForLongClick方法发送延迟消息,当达到长按时间时就调用长按事件。

事件分发的原理

经过上面的分析,现在总结一下View事件分发的原理。事件的开始是从Activity到PhoneWindow中,最后经由View层级。在View的层级中从顶级View(DecorView)分发。

  1. 当点击事件产生后,有顶层的ViewGroup分发事件。
  2. 通过调用dispatchTouchEvent方法,当父容器拦截事件时就调用View的dispatchTouchEvent方法,进而调用onTouchEvent方法或者OnTouchListener的onTouch方法。
  3. 否则,调用子View的dispatchTouchEvent方法。如果子View是ViewGroup类型,则继续按照步骤1分发事件。否则调用View的dispatchTouchEvent方法。

总结

View的事件分发机制,处理了用户通过触摸屏幕产生的事件。一般来说通过View的事件分发,我们经常需要处理的有DOWN、MOVE、UP事件。通过实现这些类型的事件,就可以实现不同的交互操作,进而丰富View与用户的交互体验。