引言
随着对vue源码的阅读，逐渐发现Watcher无处不在，无论是响应式原理，还是计算属性，侦听属性都用到了Watcher，几乎Vue大部分的特性都离不开Watcher。
甚至给我一种感觉，Vue往大了说，就是如何建立数据和Watcher的关系，数据变化时如何触发Watcher的更新，以及如何更新Watcher.value。
这个如何更新就决定了这个Watcher是什么，如果是更新视图，那就是渲染Watcher，如果是computeWatcher，那就是更新计算属性。
源码及注释
/* @flow */
import {
warn,
remove,
isObject,
parsePath,
_Set as Set,
handleError,
noop
} from '../util/index'
import { traverse } from './traverse'
import { queueWatcher } from './scheduler'
import Dep, { pushTarget, popTarget } from './dep'
import type { SimpleSet } from '../util/index'
let uid = 0
/**
* A watcher parses an expression, collects dependencies,
* and fires callback when the expression value changes.
* This is used for both the $watch() api and directives.
*/
export default class Watcher {
vm: Component; // Watcher所在的vm实例
expression: string; // 用于求值Watcher的value属性，可以是函数或者表达式
cb: Function; // 每次重新求值（value）后回调函数
id: number; // Watcher的id，唯一标识
deep: boolean; // 是否是深度检测变化
user: boolean;
lazy: boolean; // 是否在构造函数执行时就进行一次求职，也就是通过experssion计算一次value值
sync: boolean;
dirty: boolean; // 与lazy配合使用
active: boolean;
deps: Array<Dep>; //当前watcher的依赖，通过addDeps不断增加，但是每次重新计算value时会将不在newDepIds中的注销
newDeps: Array<Dep>; //每次addDeps时增加，重新计算最后清空
depIds: SimpleSet;
newDepIds: SimpleSet;
before: ?Function;
getter: Function; // 将experssion转化为函数
value: any; //当前watcher的value，对于computed来讲，就是计算结果，对于渲染watcher来说就是渲染结果
constructor (
vm: Component,
expOrFn: string | Function,
cb: Function,
options?: ?Object,
isRenderWatcher?: boolean
) {
this.vm = vm
// 这段代码就说明每个vue实例上的_watcher其实就是渲染watcher
if (isRenderWatcher) {
vm._watcher = this
}
// vue实例上的_watchers是当前实例所有的watcher，第一个一般就是渲染watcher
vm._watchers.push(this)
// options
if (options) {
this.deep = !!options.deep
this.user = !!options.user
this.lazy = !!options.lazy
this.sync = !!options.sync
this.before = options.before
} else {
this.deep = this.user = this.lazy = this.sync = false
}
this.cb = cb
this.id = ++uid // uid for batching
this.active = true
this.dirty = this.lazy // for lazy watchers
this.deps = []
this.newDeps = []
this.depIds = new Set()
this.newDepIds = new Set()
this.expression = process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production'
? expOrFn.toString()
: ''
// parse expression for getter
if (typeof expOrFn === 'function') {
this.getter = expOrFn
} else {
this.getter = parsePath(expOrFn)
if (!this.getter) {
this.getter = noop
process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
`Failed watching path: "${expOrFn}" ` +
'Watcher only accepts simple dot-delimited paths. ' +
'For full control, use a function instead.',
vm
)
}
}
// 这一步就是判断是不是lazy，如果是就暂不求值，计算属性这里为true，渲染watcher这里是false
this.value = this.lazy
? undefined
: this.get()
}
/**
* Evaluate the getter, and re-collect dependencies.
*/
get () {
pushTarget(this)
let value
const vm = this.vm
try {
value = this.getter.call(vm, vm)
} catch (e) {
if (this.user) {
handleError(e, vm, `getter for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
} else {
throw e
}
} finally {
// "touch" every property so they are all tracked as
// dependencies for deep watching
if (this.deep) {
traverse(value)
}
popTarget()
this.cleanupDeps()
}
return value
}
/**
* Add a dependency to this directive.
*/
// 收集依赖到newDeps，并将id记录下来，这个newDeps每次重新计算value都会赋值给dep然后被清空
addDep (dep: Dep) {
const id = dep.id
if (!this.newDepIds.has(id)) {
this.newDepIds.add(id)
this.newDeps.push(dep)
if (!this.depIds.has(id)) {
dep.addSub(this)
}
}
}
/**
* Clean up for dependency collection.
*/
cleanupDeps () {
// 根据newDeps来判断是否仍然需要订阅原有的某个dep，如果不需要则通过removeSub取消订阅
let i = this.deps.length
while (i--) {
const dep = this.deps[i]
if (!this.newDepIds.has(dep.id)) {
dep.removeSub(this)
}
}
// 将deps置为newDeps后清空newDeps
let tmp = this.depIds
this.depIds = this.newDepIds
this.newDepIds = tmp
this.newDepIds.clear()
tmp = this.deps
this.deps = this.newDeps
this.newDeps = tmp
this.newDeps.length = 0
}
/**
* Subscriber interface.
* Will be called when a dependency changes.
*/
update () {
/* istanbul ignore else */
if (this.lazy) {
this.dirty = true
} else if (this.sync) {
this.run()
} else {
queueWatcher(this)
}
}
/**
* Scheduler job interface.
* Will be called by the scheduler.
*/
// 当前是激活态，
run () {
if (this.active) {
// 重新计算value
const value = this.get()
//新计算出来的值与旧的值不同（这个判断主要是为了避免计算属性依赖的值变了但其实计算结果没变）
if (
value !== this.value ||
// Deep watchers and watchers on Object/Arrays should fire even
// when the value is the same, because the value may
// have mutated.
isObject(value) ||
this.deep
) {
// set new value
const oldValue = this.value
this.value = value
if (this.user) {
try {
this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
} catch (e) {
handleError(e, this.vm, `callback for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
}
} else {
this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
}
}
}
}
/**
* Evaluate the value of the watcher.
* This only gets called for lazy watchers.
*/
evaluate () {
this.value = this.get()
this.dirty = false
}
/**
* Depend on all deps collected by this watcher.
*/
depend () {
let i = this.deps.length
while (i--) {
this.deps[i].depend()
}
}
/**
* Remove self from all dependencies' subscriber list.
*/
teardown () {
if (this.active) {
// remove self from vm's watcher list
// this is a somewhat expensive operation so we skip it
// if the vm is being destroyed.
if (!this.vm._isBeingDestroyed) {
remove(this.vm._watchers, this)
}
let i = this.deps.length
while (i--) {
this.deps[i].removeSub(this)
}
this.active = false
}
}
}
Dep
一般情况下watcher与dep是配合使用的，所以这里放出dep的源码可以和上面的watcher源码相互印证
/* @flow */
import type Watcher from './watcher'
import { remove } from '../util/index'
import config from '../config'
let uid = 0
/**
* A dep is an observable that can have multiple
* directives subscribing to it.
*/
export default class Dep {
static target: ?Watcher;
id: number;
subs: Array<Watcher>;
constructor () {
this.id = uid++
this.subs = []
}
addSub (sub: Watcher) {
this.subs.push(sub)
}
removeSub (sub: Watcher) {
remove(this.subs, sub)
}
depend () {
if (Dep.target) {
Dep.target.addDep(this)
}
}
notify () {
// stabilize the subscriber list first
const subs = this.subs.slice()
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !config.async) {
// subs aren't sorted in scheduler if not running async
// we need to sort them now to make sure they fire in correct
// order
subs.sort((a, b) => a.id - b.id)
}
for (let i = 0, l = subs.length; i < l; i++) {
subs[i].update()
}
}
}
// The current target watcher being evaluated.
// This is globally unique because only one watcher
// can be evaluated at a time.
Dep.target = null
const targetStack = []
export function pushTarget (target: ?Watcher) {
targetStack.push(target)
Dep.target = target
}
export function popTarget () {
targetStack.pop()
Dep.target = targetStack[targetStack.length - 1]
}
应用
响应式原理（renderWatcher）
这个可以看我的另一篇关于响应式原理的博客
计算属性原理（computeWatcher）
initState
export function initState (vm: Component) {
vm._watchers = []
const opts = vm.$options
if (opts.props) initProps(vm, opts.props)
if (opts.methods) initMethods(vm, opts.methods)
if (opts.data) {
initData(vm) //初始化数据
} else {
observe(vm._data = {}, true /* asRootData */)
}
if (opts.computed) initComputed(vm, opts.computed)
if (opts.watch && opts.watch !== nativeWatch) {
initWatch(vm, opts.watch)
}
}
从这段代码可以看出，是先进行了响应式的处理observe(vm._data = {}, true /* asRootData */)，才进行的initComputed，因为计算属性用的也是watcher，也需要定义响应式数据来进行依赖收集。
这样看来其实计算属性的依赖收集就是简化版的响应式，响应式原理中的依赖收集是通过render时调用数据的getter，而计算属性则是函数自身就调用了依赖数的getter。
initComputed
const computedWatcherOptions = { lazy: true }
function initComputed (vm: Component, computed: Object) {
// $flow-disable-line
const watchers = vm._computedWatchers = Object.create(null)
// computed properties are just getters during SSR
const isSSR = isServerRendering()
for (const key in computed) {
const userDef = computed[key]
const getter = typeof userDef === 'function' ? userDef : userDef.get
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && getter == null) {
warn(
`Getter is missing for computed property "${key}".`,
vm
)
}
if (!isSSR) {
// create internal watcher for the computed property.
watchers[key] = new Watcher(
vm,
getter || noop,
noop,
computedWatcherOptions
)
}
// component-defined computed properties are already defined on the
// component prototype. We only need to define computed properties defined
// at instantiation here.
if (!(key in vm)) {
defineComputed(vm, key, userDef)
} else if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
if (key in vm.$data) {
warn(`The computed property "${key}" is already defined in data.`, vm)
} else if (vm.$options.props && key in vm.$options.props) {
warn(`The computed property "${key}" is already defined as a prop.`, vm)
}
}
}
}
export function defineComputed (
target: any,
key: string,
userDef: Object | Function
) {
const shouldCache = !isServerRendering()
if (typeof userDef === 'function') {
sharedPropertyDefinition.get = shouldCache
? createComputedGetter(key)
: createGetterInvoker(userDef)
sharedPropertyDefinition.set = noop
} else {
sharedPropertyDefinition.get = userDef.get
? shouldCache && userDef.cache !== false
? createComputedGetter(key)
: createGetterInvoker(userDef.get)
: noop
sharedPropertyDefinition.set = userDef.set || noop
}
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
sharedPropertyDefinition.set === noop) {
sharedPropertyDefinition.set = function () {
warn(
`Computed property "${key}" was assigned to but it has no setter.`,
this
)
}
}
Object.defineProperty(target, key, sharedPropertyDefinition)
}
function createComputedGetter (key) {
return function computedGetter () {
const watcher = this._computedWatchers && this._computedWatchers[key]
if (watcher) {
if (watcher.dirty) {
watcher.evaluate()
}
if (Dep.target) {
watcher.depend()
}
return watcher.value
}
}
}
这段代码很简单，其实就是首先对于每个计算属性，定义一个watcher，由于lazy是true，所以在构造函数中并不会求值。
defineComputed中则是在vm上挂载计算属性，它的getter返回的是watcher的value。
如果dirty时true的话要调用watcher.evaluate()重新计算watcher.value, dirty在每次update之后都会置为true，在重新计算后会置为false，而这个计算过程回去会调用get方法，会先putshTarget，然后执行计算属性的函数，这样computedWatcher就会订阅函数中使用到的data的变化。
同时它的getter也会进行依赖的收集，当Dep.target不为空时，说明当前有渲染watcher在构建，那就要把自身的watcher加入到当前vue的watchers中，这一步其实并不是让渲染watcher去订阅computeWatcher的变化，而是去订阅computeWatcher依赖的data的变化。
侦听属性（userWatcher）
userWatcher的过程相比上面两个而言是比较简单的，搞懂了上面两个，最后一个就很容易明白了
function initWatch (vm: Component, watch: Object) {
for (const key in watch) {
const handler = watch[key]
if (Array.isArray(handler)) {
for (let i = 0; i < handler.length; i++) {
createWatcher(vm, key, handler[i])
}
} else {
createWatcher(vm, key, handler)
}
}
}
function createWatcher (
vm: Component,
expOrFn: string | Function,
handler: any,
options?: Object
) {
if (isPlainObject(handler)) {
options = handler
handler = handler.handler
}
if (typeof handler === 'string') {
handler = vm[handler]
}
return vm.$watch(expOrFn, handler, options)
}
这一步其实就是把watcher中的每一个值建立watcher
vm.$watcher的定义为：
Vue.prototype.$watch = function (
expOrFn: string | Function,
cb: any,
options?: Object
): Function {
const vm: Component = this
if (isPlainObject(cb)) {
return createWatcher(vm, expOrFn, cb, options)
}
options = options || {}
options.user = true
const watcher = new Watcher(vm, expOrFn, cb, options)
if (options.immediate) {
try {
cb.call(vm, watcher.value)
} catch (error) {
handleError(error, vm, `callback for immediate watcher "${watcher.expression}"`)
}
}
return function unwatchFn () {
watcher.teardown()
}
}
这段代码可以看到，会把这个watcher的user置为true，代表了这个watcher是userWatcher。
如果immediate是true就会立即执行一次回调函数，也就是我们在watcher中定义的函数。
接下来的逻辑就是创建了一个新的watcher，这里我们再回过头去看watcher的定义就好。
有一点要注意的是，一般我们定义watcher的时候都是通过键值对的方式，这个时候expOrFn就是键名，这个时候Watcher中会通过paresPath的方式根据路径去找到对应的data，此时watcher.getter其实就是返回对应data的函数。
