对Android Q进行适配大家一定要参考Google官方文档, 下面是我在做Android Q所做更改的地方:
分区存储
Android Q新加了沙盒模式, 每个应用只能访问自己过滤视图下的文件夹, 即 sdcard/Android/data/packagename
说明 : Android Q 会继续使用 READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE 和 WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE 权限, 只有targetSdkVersion>=29, 才会默认启用过滤视图, 并且此时无需申请权限, 即可读写沙盒文件, 需要将文件保存到相册等, 依然需要申请permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE; 如需读写应用以外的文件需要通过存储访问框架
解决方法:
-
targetSdkVersion<29
-
选择停用过滤视图
<manifest ... > <!-- This attribute is "false" by default on apps targeting Android Q. --> <application android:requestLegacyExternalStorage="true" ... > ... </application> </manifest> -
推荐方法, 将文件存储到过滤视图中, 此时也不需要申请权限, 但是应用卸载会把文件删除
kotlin://图片文件 val file = context.getExternalFilesDir(Environment.DIRECTORY_PICTURES) //还有以下那么多环境, 根据存储文件类型选择不同环境 var DIRECTORY_ALARMS = "Alarms" var DIRECTORY_AUDIOBOOKS = "Audiobooks" var DIRECTORY_DCIM = "DCIM" var DIRECTORY_DOCUMENTS = "Documents" var DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS = "Download" var DIRECTORY_MOVIES = "Movies" var DIRECTORY_MUSIC = "Music" var DIRECTORY_NOTIFICATIONS = "Notifications" var DIRECTORY_PICTURES = "Pictures" var DIRECTORY_PODCASTS = "Podcasts" var DIRECTORY_RINGTONES = "Ringtones" var DIRECTORY_SCREENSHOTS = "Screenshots"java://图片文件 File file = context.getExternalFilesDir(Environment.DIRECTORY_PICTURES); //还有以下那么多环境, 根据存储文件类型选择不同环境 public static String DIRECTORY_ALARMS = "Alarms"; public static String DIRECTORY_AUDIOBOOKS = "Audiobooks"; public static String DIRECTORY_DCIM = "DCIM"; public static String DIRECTORY_DOCUMENTS = "Documents"; public static String DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS = "Download"; public static String DIRECTORY_MOVIES = "Movies"; public static String DIRECTORY_MUSIC = "Music"; public static String DIRECTORY_NOTIFICATIONS = "Notifications"; public static String DIRECTORY_PICTURES = "Pictures"; public static String DIRECTORY_PODCASTS = "Podcasts"; public static String DIRECTORY_RINGTONES = "Ringtones"; public static String DIRECTORY_SCREENSHOTS = "Screenshots";
数据和标识符变更
说明: 从 Android Q 开始，应用必须具有 READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE 特许权限才能访问设备的不可重置标识符（包含 IMEI 和序列号, 并且这个权限只有系统app才可以使用, 也就是说在Android Q上已经不能获取DeviceId了
替代方法:
-
Android Id:
kotlin:val androidId = Settings.Secure.getString( context.contentResolver, Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID )java:String androidId = Settings.Secure.getString( context.contentResolver, Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID ); -
但是在实际应用中发现, 有Android Id获取失败的情况, 所以就完善了上面的方法
kotlin:var deviceId = Settings.Secure.getString( getAppContext().contentResolver, Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID ) if (androidId.isNullOrEmpty()) { deviceId = getUniquePsuedoID() } fun getUniquePsuedoID(): String { val devIDShort = "35" + Build.BOARD.length % 10 + Build.BRAND.length % 10 + Build.CPU_ABI.length % 10 + Build.DEVICE.length % 10 + Build.MANUFACTURER.length % 10 + Build.MODEL.length % 10 + Build.PRODUCT.length % 10 // API >= 9 的设备才有 android.os.Build.SERIAL // http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build.html#SERIAL // 如果用户更新了系统或 root 了他们的设备，该 API 将会产生重复记录 var serial: String? try { serial = android.os.Build::class.java.getField("SERIAL").get(null).toString() return UUID( devIDShort.hashCode().toLong(), serial.hashCode().toLong() ).toString() } catch (exception: Exception) { serial = "serial" } // 最后，组合上述值并生成 UUID 作为唯一 ID return UUID(devIDShort.hashCode().toLong(), serial!!.hashCode().toLong()).toString() }java:String deviceId = Settings.Secure.getString( context.contentResolver, Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID ); if(TextUtils.isEmpty(deviceId)) { deviceId = getUniquePsuedoID() } public String getUniquePsuedoID() { String devIDShort = "35" + Build.BOARD.length % 10 + Build.BRAND.length % 10 + Build.CPU_ABI.length % 10 + Build.DEVICE.length % 10 + Build.MANUFACTURER.length % 10 + Build.MODEL.length % 10 + Build.PRODUCT.length % 10; // API >= 9 的设备才有 android.os.Build.SERIAL // http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build.html#SERIAL // 如果用户更新了系统或 root 了他们的设备，该 API 将会产生重复记录 String serial; try { serial = android.os.Build::class.java.getField("SERIAL").get(null).toString() return UUID( devIDShort.hashCode().toLong(), serial.hashCode().toLong() ).toString(); } catch (Exception e) { serial = "serial"; } // 最后，组合上述值并生成 UUID 作为唯一 ID return UUID((long)devIDShort.hashCode(), (long)serial.hashCode()).toString(); }
限制Activity后台启动
说明: 此项行为变更适用于在 Android Q 上运行的所有应用，甚至包括以 Android 9（API 级别 28）或更低版本为目标平台的应用。此外，即使您的应用以 Android 9 或更低版本为目标平台并且最初安装在运行 Android 9 或更低版本的设备上，该行为变更仍会在设备升级到 Android Q 后生效。
解决方法:
发送全屏通知会自动启动Activity
kotlin:
fun sendNotification(
title: String?,
body: String?,
data: PushMessageNode?,
bitmap: Bitmap?
) {
val intent = Intent(this, PushJumpActivity::class.java)
intent.putExtra(WhatConstants.Intent.FIRE_PUSH_MESSAGE, data)
intent.flags = Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK or Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP
val pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(
this, requestCode, intent,
PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT
)
val notificationManager =
this.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager?
if (notificationManager != null) {
val notificationBuilder = NotificationCompat.Builder(this, NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
val mNotificationChannel =
NotificationChannel(
NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID,
NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_NAME,
NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_HIGH
)
notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(mNotificationChannel)
}
notificationBuilder
.setSmallIcon(R.mipmap.logo)
.setLargeIcon(
bitmap ?: BitmapFactory.decodeResource(
context,
R.mipmap.logo
)
)
.setContentTitle(title)
.setContentText(body)
.setShowWhen(true)
.setAutoCancel(true)
.setSound(RingtoneManager.getDefaultUri(RingtoneManager.TYPE_NOTIFICATION))
//设置为全屏通知, 此时若App处于前台, 会为悬挂通知, 无论前台后台, 都会自动启动Acitivity
.setFullScreenIntent(pendingIntent, true)
.setContentIntent(pendingIntent)
notificationManager.notify(
requestCode /* ID of notification */,
notificationBuilder.build()
)
bitmap?.recycle()
}
}
java:
private void sendNotification(String title, String body, PushMessageNode data, Bitmap bitmap) {
Intent intent = new Intent(this, PushJumpActivity.class);
intent.putExtra(WhatConstants.Intent.INSTANCE.getFIRE_PUSH_MESSAGE(), data);
intent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK | Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP);
int requestCode = (int) (Math.random() * 1000) + 1;
PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, requestCode /* Request code */, intent,
PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
Uri defaultSoundUri = RingtoneManager.getDefaultUri(RingtoneManager.TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
NotificationManager notificationManager = null;
notificationManager = (NotificationManager) this.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
Notification.Builder notificationBuilder;
if (notificationManager != null) {
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 26) {
NotificationChannel mNotificationChannel = new NotificationChannel("1", "Channel1", NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_HIGH);
notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(mNotificationChannel);
notificationBuilder = new Notification.Builder(this, "1");
} else {
notificationBuilder = new Notification.Builder(this);
}
notificationBuilder = notificationBuilder
.setSmallIcon(R.mipmap.logo)
.setLargeIcon(bitmap != null ? bitmap : BitmapFactory.decodeResource(context.getResources(), R.mipmap.logo))
.setContentTitle(title)
.setContentText(body)
.setShowWhen(true)
.setPriority(Notification.PRIORITY_HIGH)
.setAutoCancel(true)
.setSound(defaultSoundUri)
//设置为全屏通知, 此时若App处于前台, 会为悬挂通知, 无论前台后台, 都会自动启动Acitivity
.setFullScreenIntent(pendingIntent, true);
.setContentIntent(pendingIntent);
notificationManager.notify(requestCode /* ID of notification */, notificationBuilder.build());
if (bitmap != null)
bitmap.recycle();
}
}
获取剪贴板数据
说明: 只有默认输入法(IME)或者是目前处于焦点的应用, 才能访问到剪贴板数据.
这也就是说应用已经不能在后台监听剪贴板数据了, 不过我对目前处于焦点的应用这句话不太了解 . 另外在适配过程中, 遇到了一个问题, 在Acitivity onCreate直接获取剪贴板数据是不能成功获取的, 而在按钮点击的时候是可以的:
class SimpleActivity: AppCompatActivity() {
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
//直接获取剪切板数据
getTextFromClip()
//剪贴板有数据也return ""
//点击按钮获取剪切板数据
view.setOnClickListener {
getClipboardData()
//返回剪贴板的正常数据
}
}
private fun getTextFromClip(): String {
val clipboardManager =
context.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE) as ClipboardManager?
if (null == clipboardManager || !clipboardManager.hasPrimaryClip()) {
return ""
}
val clipData = clipboardManager.primaryClip
if (null == clipData || clipData.itemCount < 1) {
return ""
}
val clipText = clipData.getItemAt(0)?.text ?: ""
return clipText.toString()
}
}
后面又对目前处于焦点的应用思考了一下, 应该就是视图加载到窗口上才能获取焦点, 后面经过适配, 在view.post()之后获取剪贴板数据,又参考了这篇文章[Android源码解析]view.post()到底干了啥, 了解到view.post()是在view dispatchAttachedToWindow后执行的, 然后写出方法如下:
kotlin:
/**
* 获取剪贴板的内容
*/
fun getClipBoardText(@Nullable activity: Activity?, f: (String) -> Unit) {
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q && activity != null) {
getTextFromClipFroAndroidQ(activity, f)
} else {
f.invoke(getTextFromClip())
}
}
/**
* AndroidQ 获取剪贴板的内容
*/
@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
private fun getTextFromClipFroAndroidQ(@NonNull activity: Activity, f: (String) -> Unit) {
val runnable = Runnable {
try {
val clipboardManager =
activity.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE) as ClipboardManager?
if (null == clipboardManager || !clipboardManager.hasPrimaryClip()) {
f.invoke("")
return@Runnable
}
val clipData = clipboardManager.primaryClip
if (null == clipData || clipData.itemCount < 1) {
f.invoke("")
return@Runnable
}
val clipText = clipData.getItemAt(0)?.text ?: ""
f.invoke(clipText.toString())
return@Runnable
} catch (e: Exception) {
f.invoke("")
return@Runnable
}
}
activity.registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks(object :Application.ActivityLifecycleCallbacks {
override fun onActivityPaused(activity: Activity) {
}
override fun onActivityStarted(activity: Activity) {
}
override fun onActivityDestroyed(activity: Activity) {
activity.window?.decorView?.removeCallbacks(runnable)
}
override fun onActivitySaveInstanceState(activity: Activity, outState: Bundle) {
}
override fun onActivityStopped(activity: Activity) {
}
override fun onActivityCreated(activity: Activity, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
}
override fun onActivityResumed(activity: Activity) {
}
})
activity.window?.decorView?.post(runnable) ?: f.invoke("")
}
private fun getTextFromClip(): String {
try {
//可以使用Application的Context
val clipboardManager =
context.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE) as ClipboardManager?
if (null == clipboardManager || !clipboardManager.hasPrimaryClip()) {
return ""
}
val clipData = clipboardManager.primaryClip
if (null == clipData || clipData.itemCount < 1) {
return ""
}
val item = clipData.getItemAt(0) ?: return ""
val clipText = item.text ?: ""
return if (TextUtils.isEmpty(clipText)) "" else clipText.toString()
} catch (e: Exception) {
return ""
}
}
java:
public interface Function {
/** Invokes the function. */
void invoke(String text);
}
void getClipBoardText(@Nullable Activity activity, final Function f) {
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q && activity != null) {
getTextFromClipFroAndroidQ(activity, f);
} else {
f.invoke(getTextFromClip());
}
}
/**
* AndroidQ 获取剪贴板的内容
*/
@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
private void getTextFroClipFromAndroidQ(@NonNull final Activity activity, final Function f) {
Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
ClipboardManager clipboardManager =
(ClipboardManager)activity.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE);
if (null == clipboardManager || !clipboardManager.hasPrimaryClip()) {
f.invoke("");
return;
}
ClipData clipData = clipboardManager.getPrimaryClip();
if (null == clipData || clipData.getItemCount() < 1) {
f.invoke("");
return;
}
ClipData.Item item = clipData.getItemAt(0);
if (item == null) {
f.invoke("");
return;
}
CharSequence clipText = item.getText();
if (TextUtils.isEmpty(clipText))
f.invoke("");
else
f.invoke(clipText.toString());
}
}
activity.registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks(new Application.ActivityLifecycleCallbacks() {
@Override
public void onActivityCreated(@NonNull Activity activity, @androidx.annotation.Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
}
@Override
public void onActivityStarted(@NonNull Activity activity) {
}
@Override
public void onActivityResumed(@NonNull Activity activity) {
}
@Override
public void onActivityPaused(@NonNull Activity activity) {
}
@Override
public void onActivityStopped(@NonNull Activity activity) {
}
@Override
public void onActivitySaveInstanceState(@NonNull Activity activity, @NonNull Bundle outState) {
}
@Override
public void onActivityDestroyed(@NonNull Activity activity) {
activity.getWindow().getDecorView().removeCallbacks(runnable);
}
});
activity.getWindow().getDecorView().post(runnable);
}
private String getTextFromClip() {
ClipboardManager clipboardManager =
(ClipboardManager)context.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE);
if (null == clipboardManager || !clipboardManager.hasPrimaryClip()) {
return "";
}
ClipData clipData = clipboardManager.getPrimaryClip();
if (null == clipData || clipData.getItemCount() < 1) {
return "";
}
ClipData.Item item = clipData.getItemAt(0);
if (item == null)
return "";
CharSequence clipText = item.getText();
if (TextUtils.isEmpty(clipText))
return "";
else
return clipText.toString();
}
后台应用获取用户位置权限
说明: AndroidQAndroid Q 引入了新的位置权限 ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION, 需要申请新权限才能后台访问位置, 前台获取位置权限与以前保持一致, 因为适配无需后台获取用户位置, 所以没有写, 可以参考Android Q 隐私权变更：用户可控制应用对设备位置信息的访问权限
解决办法:
<manifest>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" />
//新增后台请求位置权限
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION" />
</manifest>
总结:
以上就是我在适配Android Q所更改的地方, 就是对于获取剪贴板数据的地方, 具有焦点的应用, 不是那么明确, 有了解的大佬来解释一下, 另有错误欢迎指正.
