数据结构基础-二叉树的遍历

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二叉树的基本概念:树是一种类似于链表的数据结构,不过树的一个结点可以指向多个结点。树是一种典型的非线性结构。树是表示具有层次特性的图的结构的一种方法。

二叉树的结点结构用代码表示:

public class BinaryTreeNode{
    private int data;
    private BinaryTreeNode left;
    private BinaryTreeNode right;
    public BinaryTreeNode(int val){
        this.data = val;
    }
    public int getData() {
        return data;
    }
    public void setData(int data) {
        this.data = data;
    }
    public BinaryTreeNode getLeft() {
        return left;
    }
    public void setLeft(BinaryTreeNode left) {
        this.left = left;
    }
    public BinaryTreeNode getRight() {
        return right;
    }
    public void setRight(BinaryTreeNode right) {
        this.right = right;
    }
}

二叉树的遍历

  • 前序遍历:
  • 后序遍历:
  • 中序遍历:
  • 层次遍历:

前序遍历迭代实现

private void preOrder(BinaryTreeNode root){
        System.out.print(""+root.getData());
        preOrder(root.getLeft());
        preOrder(root.getRight());
    }

前序非迭代实现

private void preOrderNoRecursive(BinaryTreeNode root){
        if (root == null) {
            return;
        }
        Stack<BinaryTreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
        while (true) {
            while (root != null) {
                System.out.print(""+root.getData());
                stack.push(root);
                root = root.getLeft();
            }
            if (stack.isEmpty()) {
                break;
            }
            root = stack.pop();
            root = root.getRight();
        }
        return;
    }

中序遍历迭代实现

private void inOrder(BinaryTreeNode root){
        inOrder(root.getLeft());
        System.out.print(""+root.getData());
        inOrder(root.getRight());
    }

中序非迭代实现

private void inOrderNonRecursive(BinaryTreeNode root){
        if (root == null) {
            return;
        }
        Stack<BinaryTreeNode> stack = new Stack();
        while (true) {
            while (root != null) {
                stack.push(root);
                root = root.getLeft;
            }
            if (stack.isEmpty()) {
                break;
            }
            root = stack.pop();
            System.out.print(""+root.getData());
            root = root.getRight();
        }
    }

后序遍历迭代实现

private void postOrder(BinaryTreeNode root){
        postOrder(root.getLeft());
        postOrder(root.getRight());
        System.out.print(""+root.getData());
    }

后序非迭代实现

private void postOrderNonRecursive(BinaryTreeNode root){
        Stack<BinaryTreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
        while (true) {
            if (root != null) {
                stack.push(root);
                root = root.getLeft();
            }else {
                if (stack.isEmpty()) {
                    System.out.print("empty tree!");
                    return;
                }else {
                    if(stack.peek().getRight() == null) {
                        root = stack.pop();
                        System.out.print(root.getData());
                        if (root == stack.peek().getRight()) {
                            System.out.print(root.getData());
                            stack.pop();
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (!stack.isEmpty()) {
                    root = stack.peek().getRight();
                }else{
                    root = null;
                }
            }
        }
    }

层次遍历实现

private void levelOrder(BinaryTreeNode root){
        if (root == null) {
            return;
        }
        Queue<BinaryTreeNode> queue = new Queue<>();
        BinaryTreeNode head;
        queue.add(root);
        while(!queue.isEmpty()){
            head = queue.remove();
            if (head.getLeft() != null) {
                queue.add(head.getLeft());
            }
            if (head.getRight() != null) {
                queue.add(head.getRight());
            }
        }
    }

例题:

前序遍历结果:ABDEGCF

中序遍历结果:DBGEACF

求后序遍历结果?

public TreeNode createTree(String preOrder, String inOrder){
        if (preOrder.isEmpty()){
            return null;
        }
        char rootValut = preOrder.charAt(0);
        int rootIndex = inOrder.indexOf(rootValut);
        TreeNode root = new TreeNode(rootValue);
        root.setLeft(createTree(preOrder.substring(1,1+rootIndex), inOrder.substring(0,rootIndex)));
        root.setRight(createTree(preOrder.substring(1+rootIndex),inOrder.substring(1 + rootIndex)));
        return root;
    }

同理,得出后序遍历序列。迭代的核心始终是减小问题的规模,和初始情况值,也就是递归结束的情况的值。

public String postOrder(String preOrder, String inOrder){
        if (preOrder.isEmpty()){
            return null;
        }
        char rootValut = preOrder.charAt(0);
        int rootIndex = inOrder.indexOf(rootValut);
        return postOrder(preOrder.substring(1, 1+rootIndex), inOrder.substring(0, rootIndex)) + 
        postOrder(preOrder.substring(1+rootIndex), inOrder.substring(1 + rootIndex))
        + rootValut;
    }

前序遍历结果:ABDEGCF 后序遍历结果:DBGEACF

?1、构建二叉树唯一吗?
?2、不唯一的话有多少个?
?3、能够输出全部可能中序吗?

例题2:
查找最大元素?
递归算法:

private int findMax(BinaryTreeNode root){
        int rootValue,left,right,max = 0;
        if (root != null) {
            rootValue = root.getData();
            left = findMax(root.getLeft());
            right = findMax(root.getRight());
            if (left > right) {
                max = left;
            }else {
                max = right;
            }
            if (rootValue > max) {
                max = rootValue;
            }
        }
        return max;
    }

非递归算法:

private int findMaxUsingLevelOrder(BinaryTreeNode root){
        int max;
        Queue<BinaryTreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<>();
        BinaryTreeNode tmp;
        queue.offer(root);

        while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
            tmp = queue.pop();
            if (tmp.getData() > max) {
                max = tmp.getData();
            }
            if (tmp.getLeft != null) {
                queue.offer(tmp.getLeft());
            }
            if (tmp.getRight() != null) {
                queue.offer(tmp.getRight());
            }
        }
        return max;
    }

例题3:
搜索某个元素?
递归算法:

private boolean findInBinaryTreeNodeRecursion(BinaryTreeNode root, int data){
        if (root == null) {
            return false;
        }
        if (root.getData() == data) {
            return true;
        }
        return findInBinaryTreeNodeRecursion(root.getLeft(),data) || findInBinaryTreeNodeRecursion(root.getRight(),data);
    }

非递归算法:

private boolean findInBinaryUsingLevelOrder(BinaryTreeNode root, int data){
        Queue<BinaryTreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<>();
        BinaryTreeNode tmp;
        queue.offer(root);
        while(!queue.isEmpth()){
            tmp = queue.poll();
            if (tmp.getData == data) {
                return true;
            }
            if (tmp.getLeft() != null) {
                queue.offer(tmp.getLeft());
            }
            if (tmp.getRight() != null) {
                queue.offer(tmp.getRight());
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

例题4: 寻找中序遍历时的下一结点?

首先二叉树的数据结构里要加入一个parent变量,不然是无法解答的:

private BinaryTreeNode parent;
public void setLeft(BinaryTreeNode left) {
        this.left = left;
        if (left != null)
        this.left.setParent(this);
    }
public void setRight(BinaryTreeNode right) {
        this.right = right;
        if (right != null)
        this.right.setParent(this);
    }
public BinaryTreeNode getParent() {
        return parent;
    }
public void setParent(BinaryTreeNode parent) {
        this.parent = parent;
    }

分析如图

例题图解
public BinaryTreeNode next(BinaryTreeNode node){
        if (node.getRight() != null) {
            node = node.getRight();
            while(node.getLeft() != null){
                node = node.getLeft();
            }
            return node;
        }else {
            if (node.getParent().getLeft() == node) {
                return node.getParent();
            }else {
                while (node.getParent() != null && node.getParent().getLeft() != node) {
                    node = node.getParent();
                }
                return node.getParent;
            }
        }
    }