1.概述
Handler允许你发送和处理Message，以及和线程相关联的Runnable对象。每一个Handler实例都与一个线程及该线程的MessageQueue相关联。既当你创建一个Handler时，该Handler必须绑定一个线程以及该线程的消息队列，一旦它被创建，它能把messages和runnables传送到message queue，并在它们从message queue中出来的时候执行它们。
Handler主要有两个主要用途：
- 在未来的某个时间点调度messages和runnables的执行
- 将要在不同线程上执行的操作加入队列
当你的应用程序被创建出来的时候，主线程会专门运行一个message queue来管理最顶级的应用对象(如activities, broadcast receivers，等等)以及它们创建的任何其它窗口。你可以创建你自己的线程，通过Handler来与主线程建立联系
2.源码分析
2.1 MessageQueue-消息队列
MessageQueue是一个通过Looper分发它持有的消息列表的低层级类。Messages没有直接添加到MessageQueue中，而是通过与Looper相关联的Handler对象。
- Message-消息
该类实现了Parcelable接口，你可以把它看作一个数据类
**
*
* Defines a message containing a description and arbitrary data object that can be
* sent to a {@link Handler}. This object contains two extra int fields and an
* extra object field that allow you to not do allocations in many cases.
* 定义包含描述和任意数据对象的消息
* 发送到Handler。这个对象包含两个额外的int字段和一个
* 额外的对象字段，允许您在很多情况下不进行分配。
* <p class="note">While the constructor of Message is public, the best way to get
* one of these is to call {@link #obtain Message.obtain()} or one of the
* {@link Handler#obtainMessage Handler.obtainMessage()} methods, which will pull
* them from a pool of recycled objects.</p>
* 注意：不要直接使用New Message()创建Message对象，最好的方式是通过Handler.obtainMessage()
* 方法，它会从对象回收池中拉取该消息对象
*/
public final class Message implements Parcelable {
/** @hide */
public static final Object sPoolSync = new Object();
/**
* Return a new Message instance from the global pool. Allows us to
* avoid allocating new objects in many cases.
* 从全局池返回一个新的消息实例。让我们在很多情况下避免分配新对象。
*/
public static Message obtain() {
synchronized (sPoolSync) {
if (sPool != null) {
Message m = sPool;
sPool = m.next;
m.next = null;
m.flags = 0; // clear in-use flag
sPoolSize--;
return m;
}
}
return new Message();
}
**
* Same as {@link #obtain()}, but sets the value for the target member on the Message returned.
* 与obtain()相同，但在返回的消息上设置目标成员的值。
* @return A Message object from the global pool.
* 返回来自全局池的消息对象
*/
public static Message obtain(Handler h) {
Message m = obtain();
m.target = h;//接收传递过来的Handler
return m;
}
}
2.2 Looper-消息轮询器
Looper用于为线程轮询messages。线程默认是没有与之相关联的Lopper，我们必须通过Looper.prepare()方法去创建它。示例：
class LooperThread extends Thread {
public Handler mHandler;
public void run() {
Looper.prepare();
mHandler = new Handler() {
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
// process incoming messages here
}
};
Looper.loop();
}
}
- ThreadLocal提供线程的局部变量，通过它访问线程独立初始化变量的副本。即Looper通过ThreadLocal类来与当前线程进行交互
//私用构造方法
//quitAllowed是否允许退出
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);//实例化消息队列
mThread = Thread.currentThread();//获取当前线程
}
/** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
* This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
* this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
* {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
* {@link #quit()}.
* 初始化当前线程的Looper
* 在它准备轮询之前，给你一个时机点去创建一个Handler并引用它
* 调用该方法后一定记得Looper.loop()方法，并结束的时候调用Looper.quit()方法退出
*/
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
// sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you have called prepare().
//必须先调用Looper.prepare()方法，否则返回空
static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
//每一个线程只能有唯一的一个looper
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {//不为空抛出异常
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));//设置Looper
}
/**
* Return the Looper object associated with the current thread. Returns
* null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
* 返回与当前线程关联的looper
*/
public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}
/**
* Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
* {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
* 在当前线程运行消息队友
*/
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();//获取looper
if (me == null) {//为空则抛出异常
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;//获取looper的消息队列
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
//确保这个线程的标识是本地进程的标识，
//并跟踪身份令牌的实际情况。
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
// Allow overriding a threshold with a system prop. e.g.
// adb shell 'setprop log.looper.1000.main.slow 1 && stop && start'
final int thresholdOverride =
SystemProperties.getInt("log.looper."
+ Process.myUid() + "."
+ Thread.currentThread().getName()
+ ".slow", 0);
boolean slowDeliveryDetected = false;
for (;;) {//无限轮询
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) { //没有message则不往下执行
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
***省略代码***
final long dispatchStart = needStartTime ? SystemClock.uptimeMillis() : 0;
final long dispatchEnd;
try {
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);//调用Handler的dispatchMessage(msg)方法
dispatchEnd = needEndTime ? SystemClock.uptimeMillis() : 0;
} finally {
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
}
}
//回收可能正在使用的消息。
//在处理消息队列时，MessageQueue和Looper在内部使用。
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
//sThreadLocal.get()
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();//通过Thread的静态方法获取当前的线程
//ThreadLocalMap是一个定制的HashMap(),仅适用于维护线程局部值,每一个线程都持有一个ThreadLocalMap对象
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);//传入当前线程获取当前线程的ThreadLocalMap对象
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------—————————————
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.threadLocals;
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------—————————————
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
2.3 Handler
2.3.1 创建Handler对象
/**
* Callback interface you can use when instantiating a Handler to avoid
* having to implement your own subclass of Handler.
* 如果你不想通过继承Handler来实现，你必须实现Callback接口
*/
public interface Callback {
/**
* @param msg A {@link android.os.Message Message} object
* @return True if no further handling is desired
*/
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
}
//默认构成器
//如果该Handler所绑定的线程没有looper，它将收不到任何messages，并且会抛出异常
public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
//默认构造器的Callback为空，所以当我们通过new Handler()来创建实例时，
//我们必须重写Handler的handleMessage(Message msg)方法，即：
companion object {//注意写成静态内部类的形式，避免内存泄漏
private class MyHandler :Handler(){
override fun handleMessage(msg: Message?) {
super.handleMessage(msg)
}
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------—————————————
//主动实现Callback接口，来创建Handler实例
public Handler(Callback callback) {
this(callback, false);
}
companion object {
private val mHandler1:Handler = Handler(object :Handler.Callback{
override fun handleMessage(msg: Message?): Boolean {
return true
}
})
或
private val mHandler2:Handler = Handler(Handler.Callback {
true
})
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------—————————————
/**
* Use the provided {@link Looper} instead of the default one.
*
* @param looper The looper, must not be null.
* //不使用默认的looper
*/
public Handler(Looper looper) {
this(looper, null, false);
}
//之前我看到某些前辈是通过下面这种方式来创建Handler实例，通过传递主线程的looper
//但这是没必要的，Handler默认就是使用主线程的looper(下面会分析)
//并且源码注释也说了，使用你自己的提供的looper而不是默认的
private val mHandler:Handler = object :Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()){
override fun handleMessage(msg: Message?) {
super.handleMessage(msg)
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------—————————————
//该构造同上，如果你不想重写handleMessage(msg: Message?)方法，那么你就重写Callback接口
public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback) {
this(looper, callback, false);
}
//是否需要异步处理messages，默认是异步的
public Handler(boolean async) {
this(null, async);
}
//自己提供looper，实现Callback接口，决定是否异步
public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {
mLooper = looper;
mQueue = looper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------—————————————
/*
* Set this flag to true to detect anonymous, local or member classes
* that extend this Handler class and that are not static. These kind
* of classes can potentially create leaks.
* 将此标志设置为true以检测匿名类、本地类或成员类
* 继承了Handler不是静态的，可能存在内存泄漏
*/
private static final boolean FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS = false;
//通过Handler()、Handler(Callback callback)、Handler(boolean async)
//都会调用该构造器
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {//检查可能存在的内存泄漏，默认是false
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();//获取looper
if (mLooper == null) {//如果为空抛出异常
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
+ " that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;//获取Looper中的消息队列
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();//执行Message持有的Runnable
}
/**
* Handle system messages here.
* 处理系统Messages
*/
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {//如果Message的Runnable不为空
handleCallback(msg);调用Handler的handleMessage(msg)方法处理Message
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {//如果Handler的Callback不为空
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {//调用Callback的handleMessage(msg)方法
return;
}
}
//否则调用Handler的handleMessage(msg)方法
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
2.3.2 创建Message对象
public final Message obtainMessage()
{
return Message.obtain(this);
}
public final Message obtainMessage(int what)
{
return Message.obtain(this, what);
}
public final Message obtainMessage(int what, Object obj)
{
return Message.obtain(this, what, obj);
}
public final Message obtainMessage(int what, int arg1, int arg2)
{
return Message.obtain(this, what, arg1, arg2);
}
public final Message obtainMessage(int what, int arg1, int arg2, Object obj)
{
return Message.obtain(this, what, arg1, arg2, obj);
}
2.3.3 发送Message
/**
* Causes the Runnable r to be added to the message queue.
* The runnable will be run on the thread to which this handler is
* attached.
* 将Runnable添加到消息队列中。
* runnable将在此Handler所在的线程上运行。
*
* @return Returns true if the Runnable was successfully placed in to the
* message queue. Returns false on failure, usually because the
* looper processing the message queue is exiting.
* Runnable成功添加到消息队列中返回ture，失败返回false
*/
public final boolean post(Runnable r)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
Message m = Message.obtain();创建Message对象
m.callback = r;把Runnale传递给Message
return m;
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {//延迟时间小于0，则置为0
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
//延迟发送
public final boolean postDelayed(Runnable r, long delayMillis)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), delayMillis);
}
public final boolean postDelayed(Runnable r, Object token, long delayMillis)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r, token), delayMillis);
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;//把当前的Handler传递给Message的Handler
if (mAsynchronous) {//是否异步
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
//最终调用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
MessageQueue：
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {//Message的Handler为空，抛出异常
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {//Message正在使用，抛出异常
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {//判断是否退出
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();//回收Message
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();设置Message是否正在使用的Flag
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;//是否需要唤醒
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
//插入到队列的中间。通常我们不需要唤醒
//启动消息队列，除非队列头部有阻碍
//消息是队列中最早的异步消息。
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {//开启无限轮询
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
3.总结
